ACMSSJOL  TECHNOLOGY 


JOHN  M,  BURNAM 


/  / 


A  Classical  Technology 

Edited  from  Codex  Lucensis,  490 

BY 

JOHN  M.  BURNAM 
Professor  of  Latin,  University  of  Cincinnati 


BOSTON 

RICHARD  G.  BADGER 

THE   GORHAM    PRESS 


?  •  Copyright,  1920,  by  John  M.  Burn&m 

All   Rights   Reserved 


MADE  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA 
THH  GORHAM  PRESS,  BOSTON.  U.  S.  A. 


PREFACE 

This  pamphlet  is  presented  to  the  learned  world 
as  an  attempted  fulfillment  of  the  author's  promise 
made  p.  7  of  "Recipes  from  Codex  Matritensis  A 
16,'^  ("X")  ;  see  University  of  Cincinnati  Studies 
1912.  The  editor  had  been  lead  to  discuss  Codex 
Lucensis  490  in  so  far  certain  leaves  contain  a  series 
of  antique  recipes  for  colors,  inks,  stains,  varnishes, 
alloys,  etc.  Reference  was  made  to  L.  Duchesne,  Le 
Liber  Pontificalis  torn.  I  pp.  CLXIV-CLXVI  for 
the  earlier  bibliography  and  that  editor's  mention  of 
the  recipes;  to  Wattenbach,  Schriftwesen,  third  ed. 
Leipzig  1896,  p.  252  n.  3;  to  the  Arezzo  ed.  of 
Muratori  Antiquitates  Italicae  torn.  IV  1734,  cols. 
674-717  ("M").  To  those  references  must  now  be 
added  Loew,  Studio.  Palaeographica  Miinchen  1910, 
pp.  30  and  44,  Scriptura  Beneventana,  Oxford,  1914, 
pp.  108,  n.  2  ("one  of  the  hands  makes  a  very  decided 
Visigothic  impression"),  no  ("s.  viii  ex.  probably 
written  in  Lucca),  21 1;  Bliimmer  Terminologie  u. 
Technologic,  etc."  torn.  I  second  ed.  Leipzig  1912, 
p.  240  n.  2,  246,  n.  3  (he  could  not  thoroughly  util- 
ize this  MS  because  its  text  is  "sehr  verderbt") ;  and 
finally  Lindsay  in  the  Revue  des  Bibliotheques, 


Preface 

1914,  p.  19  mentioning  the  script  of  the  earlier  part 
of  the  MS  as  Visigoth ic. 

The  present  editor  held  that  A  and  M  are  ulti- 
mately offshoots  of  the  same  text,  that  M  is  Spanish 
in  its  own  writing  as  well  as  that  of  its  archetype 
(this  last  statement  proving  erroneous  as  the  reader 
will  presently  learn)  ;  that  their  archetype  was  from 
about  700  and  was  in  a  semiuncial  hand.  But  hav- 
ing since  then  secured  through  Auguste  Picard  82 
rue  Bonaparte  and  the  overseers  of  the  Capitular 
Library  of  Lucca  a  photographic  facsimile  of  this 
portion  of  the  MS  plus  an  additional  folio,  the  editor 
has  somewhat  modified  his  views. 

Writing:  fol.  211  Vo.  has  two  chapter  headings 
I  and  III  done  in  a  mixture  of  ungainly  Capitals 
and  Uncials,  whereas  the  text  of  I  and  II  is  in  a 
transitional  style  halfway  between  a  legible  cursive 
and  the  Carolingian  Minuscule,  with  some  queer 
combinations  e.  g.  LaBorant.  There  are  numerous 
erasures  of  the  prothetic  h  (a  Spanish  symptom), 
many  occurrences  of  the  dot  employed  to  separate 
words  or  word-combinations.  The  scribe  who  did 
the  chapter  headings  seems  to  have  copied  the  chap- 
ter III  likewise,  using  a  singular  wide  rounded  hand 
with  less  word  separation,  fewer  dots  and  without 
erasures.  Fol.  217  Ro.  is  done  chiefly  in  a  cursive, 
unlike  either  of  the  preceding;  this  hand  reaches 
to  DE  TINCTIO  OMNIUM  MUSIUORUM. 


Preface 

Here  we  first  meet  the  symbol  -f-  for  uncia,  of  such 
frequent  occurrence  in  this  text;  we  must  not  fail 
to  mention  the  existence  of  two  or  three  blurrs  ren- 
dering the  decipherment  of  the  text  somwhat  uncer- 
tain. The  remainder  of  the  MS  is  in  Uncials  with  an 
admixture  of  cursives;  these  latter  are  often  trace- 
able to  a  corrector,  perhaps  all  are  due  to  him.  It 
seems"  that  sometimes  the  scribe,  unable  to  decipher 
his  Vorlage,  left  a  vacant  space  later  filled  in  by  the 
corrector,  a  much  more  expert  palaegrapher :  he  did 
the  other  work  usually  devolving  on  a  corrector.  The 
abbreviations  are  the  aforementioned  symbol  for 
uncia,  a  d  with  cross  stroke  for  dragma,  bar  with 
nasal  or  general  value,  the  usual  p  series,  q;  for 
que  etc. 

Spanish  character  of  the  text:  Besides  the  pro- 
thetic  h  already  mentioned,  observe  the  frequent 
confusion  of  b  and  vf  the  use  of  ipse*  as  an  article; 
occurrence  of  calentem  sometimes  rather  than  cal- 
dum  for  warm  (Sp.  and  Port.)  denante  688E;  the 
occurrence  of  several  words  from  the  Syriac  and 
Arabic  which  can  scarcely  have  reached  our  territory 
otherwise  than  via  Spain  viz  luza  (Syriac),  lulax, 
lazurizon  (Arabo-Persian),  zebel  i.  e.  gebel  (Arabic 
for  rock)  :  these  facts  compel  us  to  refer  the  arche- 


*Which  must  antedate  the  Carolingian  invasion 
in  the  eighth  century. 


Preface 

type  to  a  Spanish  territory,  and  that  territory  (note 
ipse)  must  be  Catalonia.  Furthermore,  the  only 
convent  in  the  Bafcelonese  region  which  could  have 
made  a  home  for  such  a  text  ultimately  going  back 
(as  the  reader  will  presently  see)  to  Greco-oriental 
sources,  must  have  been  Santa  Maria  de  Ripoll. 

The  writing  of  the  archetype:  must  have  been  a 
Spanish  cursive.  At  701  A  we  read  omam  corr. 
from  umam,  which  must  be  changed  to  autem,  i.  e. 
it  was  aum  in  the  archetype.  Note  also  quoquis  702 
E.  corr.  from  quopis,  tinquere  677  E  for  tinguere, 
several  occasions  e.  g.  686  C  when  z  is  written  for 
g;er  for  tr  and  et  for  //  711  E;  ainguis  for  tinguis 
679  E;  tarbonibus  707  D  for  car-;  714  E  where 
we  find  r  for  s  and  c  for  t  etc. :  these  errors  and  ex- 
changes require  us  to  posit  a  Visigothic  cursive  in  the 
scribe's  Vorlage. 

Writing  of  the  parent  of  the  archetype:  tempera- 
tiorum  707  C  for  temper ationum  and  some  similar 
exchanges  in  714  E  of  n  for  r  demonstrate  an  earlier 
copy  in  a  Roman  Semiuncial  hand.  We  must  also 
state  that  the  error  of  unum  for  unde  716  B,  the  loss 
of  erunt,  i.  e.  er  after  — ter  687  D,  the  form  cum- 
flatura  694  C  for  conflatura,  the  existence  of  he 
for  habet  687  Sodica  for  f erotica  696  C  etc.,  all  fur- 
nish cogent  evidence  for  the  existence  of  some  ab- 
breviations in  the  archetype  or  its  parent.  It  must 
also  be  remarked  that  one  of  these  MSS  had  some 


Preface 

marginal  summaries  or  catchwords  as  well  as  pro- 
bationes  pennae  which  have  been  perpetuated  in  the 
Codex  Lucensis.  For  instance  698  D  we  find  that 
impossible  word  unguatum  which  was  a  Spaniard's 
side  note  i.  e.  aquatum,  the  correct  Latin  for  that 
Lombard  for  uuatu  of  the  text.  This,  as  a  result  of 
its  cursive  Visigothic  form,  was  misread  uguatum 
and  then  made  to  resemble  unguentum,  a  good 
enough  Latin  term,  but  quite  out  of  place  here:  it 
must  be  admitted,  however  that  our  scribe  may  really 
have  had  before  him  aguatum  preceding  modern 
Spanish  aguada,  aguado. 

The  further  history  of  the  text  and  Ms:  the 
scribe  of  this  codex  at  least  of  this  portion  of  it,  can 
be  only  Italian.  For,  at  697  D,  he  began  the  word 
lilium  with  a  g,  i.  e.  the  modern  Italian  giglio.  The 
recurrence  of  g  with  its  modern  force  proves  nothing 
since  that  phenomenon  was  quite  as  prevalent  in 
Catalonia  and  in  fact  all  Spain.  What  is  more 
important  is  the  fact  that  the  text  in  spite  of  its 
strong  Spanish  affinities  in  its  present  state,  must 
have  originated  in  N.  Italy.  The  combination  post 
tote  bullite  690  B  can  come  only  from  Italian  terri- 
tory: fersa  690  A  producing  Lombard  fers,  suven- 
tium  690  D  whence  old  N.  Italian  suvengo,  uvatum 
698  D  a  Lombard  word  from  aquatum  are  decisive 
for  the  particular  region  that  produced  the  transla- 
tion. Some  other  words  worth  noting  are  banga 


Preface 

707  A  which  is  Italian  only,  murta  696  D  occurring 
in  Catalonian,  Spanish  and  Sardinian  to  the  exclu- 
sion of  French  and  Italian,  pensionem  716  C  popular 
in  Italy  only,  "savant"  elsewhere:  pargamina  683 
A  which  is  popular  in  Sardinia  and  Provence  may 
imply  some  currents  of  influence  from  the  islands. 
And  we  may  note  palmi  as  a  measure  691  C  confined 
to  Italy  and  Provence. 

Some  additional  Low  Latin  or  Romanic  forms: 
These  have  been  for  the  most  part  carefully  cata- 
logued in  the  Glossary  with  appropriate  references 
to  the  Romanic  lexicons  of  Korting  (K)  and  Meyer- 
Lubke  (ML).  By  way  of  supplement  we  will  list 
donee  non  with  a  subjunctive  677  B  extr.,  693 
A;  habes  inaurare  709  C  and  E;  loss  of  final  t, 
confla  716  E,  da  715  E,  dimitta  699  B  extr.,  rema- 
nea  710  C.  In  general  this  text  is  Low  Latin  with 
a  vengeance :  the  cases  have  been  confused  to  a  point 
where  de  is  followed  even  by  a  Nominative,  where 
the  Present  Indicative,  the  Future,  the  Present  Sub- 
junctive, the  Imperative  and  even  the  Present  Par- 
ticiple plus  the  Gerund  are  used  interchangeably. 
Probably  the  use  of  that  Participle  is  to  be  ascribed 
to  the  Greek  original.  As  for  the  vocabulary,  it  fur- 
nishes about  ninety  words  not  quotable  from  our 
current  dictionaries  and  about  forty  words  starred 
in  K  and  M  L,  the  long  sought  sources  of  some 
very  interesting  Romanic  forms.  Besides  what  the 


Preface 

editor  has  seen  or  found,  of  course,  the  professional 
Romanic  scholars  will  see  much  more. 

The  Greek  element:  The  mere  fact  that  Greek 
words  are  constantly  interlarded  in  this  text  suggests 
a  Gr.eek  original.  This  conclusion  is  rendered  a  cer- 
tainty by  the  appearance  714  E  of  a  whole  recipe  in 
Greek,  done  in  Latin  letters  (as  usual  at  this  period) 
and  copied  as  we  have  already  seen,  from  a  Semiun- 
cial  archetype.  That  Greek  is  fearfully  and  wonder- 
fully made,  but  no  whit  worse  than  the  Latin.  The 
editor  has  dished  up  in  the  Commentary  what  he 
conceives  to  have  been  the  Greek  original.  If  we 
ask  from  what  part  of  the  Greco-Roman  domain  this 
text  was  derived  we  must  first  notice  the  frequent 
mention  of  the  Alexandrini  and  alumen  Asianum : 
these  point  to  Alexandria  as  the  radiating  point  for 
information  dealing  with  Egypt  and  the  nearer  Asi- 
atic Orient.  This  view  is  conformed  by  the  occur- 
rence of  Arabic,  Syriac  and  (ultimately)  Persian 
terms;  it  becomes  practically  a  certainty  when  we 
note  the  similar  character  of  that  series  of  chemical 
recipes  published  by  Otto  Lageicrantz  ("Lg.") 
Uppsala  and  Leipzig  1913  under  the  title  of  Papyrus 
Holmiensis.  Not  only  do  the  texts  resemble  each 
other  in  content  but  in  form.  For  instance,  each 
has  a  heading  in  larger  or  different  style  from  the 
recipe  followed  by  that  heading  repeated  at  the 
beginning  of  the  recipe  itself. 


Preface 

Dating s:  The  date  of  the  Lucensis  has  been 
fixed  all  the  way  from  about  780  (Mabillon)  to  s. 
VIII-IX  by  Loew.  It  is  perhaps  sufficient  to  say 
the  closing  years  of  the  eighth  century.  As  for  its 
archetype  and  the  parent  of  the  latter  we  may  sug- 
gest the  earlier  years  of  the  eighth  century  and  the 
period  of  about  650,  though  there  is  no  cogent  reason 
why  the  Latin  version  should  not  have  come  into 
existence  a  full  hundred  years  sooner. 

Recapitulation :  M  by  some  Italian  scribe  is  de- 
rived from  a  Spanish  cursively  written  archetype  of 
about  725,  derived  from  an  earlier  MS*  in  Roman 
Semiuncials  of  perhaps  650:  this  last  was  a  transla- 
tion into  Latin  by  a  North  Italian,  probably  a  Lom- 
bard, from  an  original  done  in  Greek  at  Alexandria. 

In  conclusion,  the  editor  presents  this  text  to  the 
students  of  ancient  and  early  medieval  technology, 
Low  Latin  and  Romanic  Philology,  guaranteeing  a 
palaeographical  text  and  offering  some  answers  to  the 
inherent  difficulties  found  therein,  realizing  all  the 
while  how  much  more  must  be  done  to  render  the 
work  perfect. 

JOHN  M.  BURNAM. 


ABBREVIATIONS  AND  SIGNS 

The  series  of  Arabic  numerals  673,  etc.  reproduces 
the  columns  of  Muratori's  Antiquitates  Italicae  torn. 
IV  Arretii  1774.  The  symbol  -r-  is  taken  directly 
from  the  codex  and  means  uncia,  uncias  etc.:  the 
italicized  letters  are  the  extension  of  an  abbreviation, 
while  anything  enclosed  in  (  )  implies  some  sort 
of  correction  in  the  ms.,  usually  in  a  cursive.  The 
symbols  [  ]  and  <  >  have  their  usual  meaning, 
the  former  pair  bracketing  what  the  editor  believes  to 
be  an  interpolation  the  latter  his  restoration  of  some 
defect.  Lg.  refers  to  O.Lagerkrantz,  Papyrus  Hoi- 
miensis  Stockholm  u.  Leipzig  1913,  K  and  ML 
mean  the  two  well  known  Romance  Dictionaries 
of  Korting  and  Meyer-Lubke,  A  16  means  the  Re- 
cipes of  the  Madrilene  ms.  of  that  no.  published  by 
the  present  editor,  Cincinnati,  1912. 


A  Classical  Technology 

TRANSCRIPTION 

The  stroke/means  the  end  of  a  line  in  the  MS. 

Fol.  211  V°. 

I  DEFABRICA  IN  AQUA. 

Sifabricainaqua  necessefuerit.  (h  eras.)  erigere. 
f acisf urcam/triangulam.Sinon.alta.  ( h  eras. )  altitude, 
aque  <erit>  facis/archam  &  picas  eam(h  eras.) 
aforas.cum  Sebu.  &  pice  utnon/infa  intr&  .aqua  et 
sic  solbatur.Ipsa  cake  et  eos/qui  laBorant  in  tus  & 
posita.archa  inter  quattu/or  naues.constitues.inlo- 
cum.  (h  eras.)  ubi.necessefuerit/&  hornizas.Ipsas 
naues  ut  non  moueantur  inaqua/Et  tune  inponis 
lapides.  adfabricandum. 

<II>  Tempe/ratio  autem  calcis.  talis  mittis. 
aren£  par/tem.unam.  et  calcis.duo.et  tune  (h  eras.) 
operaris.ipsa/autem. (h  eras.)  archam.  habeat  unum 
cubitum.super.aqua/ 

III  DE  MALTA  Malta quomododebetconficere/ 
mittis  calcis  partem  unam  aren§  partes  quattuor/ 
gestatus<s> etc rtia. aque  uero  congium.  h<a>lei 
<faris>  porcinisextaria/duo:etrequiescas  ipsa  con- 
fectio.hebdomatta  una.si  au/tem  plus  dimiserismelior 
fiet.assidue  autem  infundatur  secun/  dum  rquam 
indiget.et  conficiatur.Et  tune  operaris  (681  E). 

Fol.  217  R°. 

15 


1 6  A  Classical  Technology 

XVIIII.DECONPOSITIO      CATHMIAE./ 

Conpositio  cathmiae  nitrum  partem  imam,  sulphur 
partem  unam. 

alia  cathmia.  halumen  pa<r>tem  unam  sulphur 
uibum  partem/  unam  nitrum  partem  unam. 

XX.  Detinctio  uitri  prasini/  tinctio.  uitri  prasini 
tere  uitrum.  bene  limas  heramen/  mundum  et  mit 
(682  A)tes  Inlibras  debitrum.  heramen  -f-  iii./  Re- 
coques  per  dies  iii. 

Alia  tinctio  teres  bitrum  bene  mitte  perlibram 
heramen  -4-  i.  Alumen  hegiptia  -~  i.  et  quoques 
pmlies  iii./ 

XXI.  Dealialactis  colons.    Alialactis  coloris  In- 
libram/  mittis  stagnum  -4-  iii.  et  quoques  perdies  ii. 
de  tinctio  san/  guinea. 

,  Tinctio  sanguinea  in  libram  mittis.  cinnabarin  -f- 
iii/  et  quoques  pmlies.  ii. 

De  tinctio  rubea  (682  C)  Tinctio  rubea/  in 
libram  uitri  [s]  trita  psimitim.  -f-  ii.  et  quoques 
perdies  ii. 

Detinctio  alithini.  Tinctio  alithini  abs<7#£  ignem 
etungues/  [ungues]  subtiles  uitria  et  ungues  dracon- 
tea  aname/  migmenis  et  fi&  sicut  rubea. 

Deminus  tincta  melini  (682  D)  coloris/  minus 
tincta  melini  coloris  Inlibram  theaspis  ter<re> 
-~  ii/  et  quoques  < per > dies  iii.  [Rubeo]  Inlibram 
calcuce  caumenu  -f-  ii./  [deantismis  dedamia  antimis 
dedamia]  (h)amoraque/  libram  i.  napta  libram  i. 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  ij 

sulphur  uibu  libras  iii.  picis  asi<a>de  -f-  iiii/  bal- 
samum  libras.  ii.  gagathin  -f-  iii.  oleo  ex  oliuis  -=- 
iiii./  resina  -f-  iiii.  lac  ferri  libram  i.  ista  omnia  corn- 
mis  ce/  et  teres  bene  quoqucs  una  ora  fi&  ignis  sed 
secundum/  priorem  uirtutem  sed  minus  [sed  exmo- 
dice  <sci>  licet.]  (673  E)  DE  TI<N>CTIO 
OMNIUM  MUSIUORUM./ 

Ti  (n)ctio  omnium  musiuorum.  tinctio.  prasini. 
uitri  de  massa./  Libras,  v.  Limatura  aeramenti. 
ab(s)que  plumbum.  (674  E)  -f-  ii,  et  mitte/  inuaso 
(ras.)  nobo.  testeo  (corr.  ex  tero),  suff(e)re(n)s. 
ignem.  et  dequo/  que[n]s.  inferiora  <in>/  fornace 
uitriari.  die<s>  vi.  et  posthec  eice.  et  confrangis/ 
minutatim  et  iterum  conflas.  prasino.  tin- 
gu  (n  eras.)s/  (675  A)  DE  INORATIONE/ 
MUSIBORUM. 

De  ina(u)ratione  musiborum.  facis  pecula  plus/ 
crosa.  queiussans.  posthec  facis.  ilia  alia,  et  pones 
pe(t  corr.  ex  c)ulum. 

217  V°. 

heramentinum./  ut  incensum  non  herebit.  posthee 
pone  pe[c]  talum  aureum  super  pe[c]talum  uitri.  et 
supra,  ponis  pe[c]tala  suptilia  multum./  Supra  pet- 
alum,  auri.  et  (675  B)  mittis  utraque.  infornace 
donee  incoat./  solui  petalum.  et  postea.  eicis.  ut 
refri(c)det  et  tolle.  frigas/  faciem  in  tabulam 
plumbinam.  [i]  smir  [on]i[e]nam.  donee  adtenues./ 
faciam.  et  coloras  illud. 


1 8  A  Classical  Technology 

DE  MUSIUUM  DE  ARGENTO/ 

Mosibum.  de  argento.  (s  corr.  ex  f)ecundo.  qwod. 
superius.  exposuimus./  ita  omnia.  fades.  (675  C). 

de  smurutas  tabulas./ 

Quomodo.  smiruttas.  tabulas  [plumbinas]  facis. 
tabulam  <mittes>.  explum/  bum  et  (ras.)  tolles 
<s>miram  uiba.  et  teres  bene  munditer.  aspargis./ 
tabulam.  totara  et  defricas.  [semen]  uitrum.  donee. 
confi(g  corr.  ex  c)  (1)  antur./  pulberas.  <s>mi 
(675  D)re.  ad  tabulam  et  posthec  operaris.  cum 
aquaw 

de  colo ratio/  <uitri>. 

Ad  colorationem.  tolles.  tabulam.  et  scaraxas. 
spisse  crucatim./  et  ter[r]es.  Cretam  argenti.  utili- 
ter.  aspargis.  tabula,  et  defri/  gas.  ibi  ipsum.  uitrum. 
donee  coloridietur.  (675  E). 

Decoctio  plumbi. 

Ter/  ra  cst.  fusca.  Nascitur.  in  omni  locvm  in 
solanis  et  calidis/  locis.  signum  autem  loci,  herbe. 
omnes.  infirm^,  et  debiles  simili/ter.  et  arbores.  terra 
fos  (c  corr.  ex  s)a.  et  petra.  quae  ex  ea  nascitur.  et 
ipsa./  fusca  cabatur.  autem  inaltitudinem.  propter 
estuan<t>ew.  so/  (676  A)lis.  et  post/  hec  tollis 
metallum  soliclas  et  ipsa  suptiliter  mittis  infornace. 
ista/  terra  mutuosa  cst.  inuenitur.  inmontuosis.  locis. 
jn  solanis.  et  cali/  dis.  et  non  dimitte.  sicut  princi- 
palis.  lapis,  quia  motuosis.  et  infir/  mus  est  frigida. 
cnim  terram.  semper  metalla  debiles.  facit.  calida. 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  19 

enim/  principale  metallum.  reddet.  fuscum.  et  mun- 
dum.  et  quod  uirtutem/  ha  (676  B)  beat,  fuscum. 
metallum.  inuenietur.  lapis,  enim.  qui  in  ea.  inuen- 
ietur/  subuiridis  est.  eoquod  uirtutem.  habeat.  sol- 
arem.  et  calidam.  proqwod/  metallus.  ardens.  s<c> 
intilla  (ras.)s.  dimittit.  in  umidis.  enim.  locis.  plus/ 
quam.  alitus.  metallus.  nascitur. 

DECOCTIO  PLUMBI./ 

Cone  (sp.  4-5  litt.)  tio.  plumbi.  metallum.  plumbi. 
fuscum  tst  et  lapis,  qui  in  ea/  inuenietur.  prasinus. 
desuper.  exalbidum.  proter  uirtutem  flo/  ris.  terre 
metalli.  et  quod  (f  corr.  ex  g)emininum  sit.  metal- 
lum. s<c>intille  autem/  jnprobationem.  absolbe.  et 
lapis,  prasinus.  nascitur.  sed  subal/  bidus.  et  pondus. 
plus  modicum,  [metallus.  grabior]  masculinum/ 
autemplusquam  grabior.  inuenitur.  (676  D). 

DECOCTIO  PLUMBI./ 
218  R°. 

Coctioplumbi.  metallus  (plum)bi  fuscum  (ras.) 
nascitur  in  omnibus  locis.  plus  autem/  in  alidis  et 
lapis  qui  in  ea  nascitur.  uiridis  est  sed  non  subalbi- 
dus/  metallus  uero  grabw  probatio  autem.  metalli 
(ras.)  tollis  [mittis].  in  ignem./  qui  dum  bu./  illi 


I 
20  A  Classical  Technology 

erit.  et  solutum  fuerit.  s<c>intillas  dimittis.  lapis/ 
que  in  ea  nascitur.  uiridii  est.  et  herba.  quae  in  ea 
nascitur.  semper./  marcescit.  precalitudinem  metalli. 
col  (1)  igitur.  autem  sic  proues/  tuationem  solis. 
cabas,  terra,  usque  ad  cubitus  tres.  altitudinem./ 
debilis  est.  ipsa  terra,  et  dum  cabatur.  desiccat.  ipsa 
uero.  jnfornace/  excoquitur  quemadmodum.  (677 
A)  etfferum.  plus  autem  incenditur./  plumbum. 

DE  ALIA  PLUMBI  COCTIO 

Alia  plumbi.  coctio  ex  ipso./  metallom.  ipsud 
metallud  non  sicca[t].  sed  continue  dum  lebatum 
fuerit/  mittitur.  infornace  ferri.  cum  carbonibz/j 
(corr.  ex-bis).  et  lento,  ingni  (667  B)  non  succen/ 
de  (n  eras.)s.  usque  ad  diei.  oram.  quartam.  (rec- 
oquitur)/  autem.  ut  mundus  fia  (eras.)  et  sic  mit- 
titur in  fornacem.  iterum.  et  excarbonibz/j/  pini. 
aut  de  (h  corr.  ex  m)  abetem.  et  decoques.  per 
hora(s)  tres.  et  operaris. 

DE  CO<C>TIO  UE  (U  eras.)  T<R>I.] 
(677  C) 

Coctio  uetri.  arena  est.  que  nascitur.  in  diuersis. 
locis  nascitur  autem./  et  jn  partibw  jtalie.  jn  monti- 
bus.  [ista  arena]  est  autem.  et  pe  (t)r(a)/  colore 
[m].  uitri.  subnigra.  ista  autem.  est.  probatio.  tolle 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  21 

ex  ipsa  arena./  mittis  jn  calicla.  utiliter.  jncendis 
cum  carbonibus.  et  decurret/  desub  manum.  ui 
(677  D)  trium.  sed.  inu  (t  eras.)  tilis  tolle  et  ex  ea 
(corr.  ex  em)  dem  arenam./  et  delubas.  proper  pul- 
berem.  et  dimittits  decolare.  fades  (ce  eras.)  forna- 
cem/  de  bitriarium.  et  fades,  duos,  folles.  et  ipsa. 
[et  ipsa]  operatione.  priori/  uitri  decoque  uelut  pids. 
coctionem.  et  tolles.  illud  priore  uitriura./  quod  jnu- 
tile  est.  et  comminues.  et  recoques  in  ipsa.  fornacem. 
sicut/  picem.  (677  E,  A  85). 

De  pelle  alithina.  etincuere. 

Qualiter.  debea<n>tur.  pelles/  tingui.  alitine. 
tolles  pellem.  depelatara.  utiliter./  et  tolles  gallam. 
mittis.  per  unam.  quamqw^  pellem.  libras  v.  aqua 
uero/  liber,  xv.  et  mittis  pellem.  et  exagi(ta)  una 
die.  et  posthec  labas./  bene.  et  desiccas.  tollis  alu 
(678  A)  men  asianum.  mitte.  calidam  aquam./  in 
ipsum  alumen.  et  dum  resident  (f)unde.  ex  illo 
(e  eras.)  ipsam  aquam./  et  mitte.  iterum  (te) pen- 
tern  aquam.  et  exagi  (n  eras)ta  e(t)  mitte  jn 
jpsara/  unam.  aut  duos,  aut  quantas  uolueris  pelles. 
et  tolles.  (labas  illas)  semel/  et  mittis.  be(r)micu- 
lum.  per  unam  quamqwe  pelle  dimidiam.  libram. 

Hec  est./  prima  ti<n>ctio.  pel  (678  B)  Hum. 
tolles  bermiculum.  et  t(e)res  jn  mortario. 

218  V°. 


22  A  Classical  Technology 

mittis  orinam.  expumatam.  in  caccabum  calidum. 
et  ipsum./  bermiculum.  tritum.  mittis  in  linteolo. 
raro  et  mittis  in  ca/  cabo  calentem.  et  exagi  (n  eras.) 
ta  quousque  exeat  [quod  exierit]./  delenteolo.  etreli- 
cum.  quod  remanet.  mittis.  et  exagita.  donee  non/ 
remaneat.  in  (678  C)  linteolo.  aliquid  de  ipso.  ber- 
miculo.  et  tolle/  ex  ipsa  confectionum.  et  conficis. 
ipsas.  pelles.  ut  utrem./  et  mittis  ex  ipsa.  iotta.  per 
unam.  quamqw^  pelle/w.  libram.  dimidia/  et  defrica 
bene.  et  demittis,  tota  nocte  manere.  jn  ipso/  et 
mane  [t].  confice  ut  sufficiat,  et  fundes,  laba.  et  des- 
icca  <e>t/  labora. 

DE  SECUNDA  TINCTIO.     (A  85) 

Secunda  tinctio  (ne  eras)/  in  eadem.  itaque 
<quae>  ext(et)  depriore  pelle.  tinguitur.  pelle 
pe/  curinam.  in  ipsa  meditationem.  in  qua  pelles. 
caprina<e>  tincte  sunt./  (678  E.). 

DE  TINCTIO  PELLIS  PRASINI[S]    (A  86) 

Tincto  pellis  prasini  (s  eras.)/  tolle (s)  pellem. 
depellatam.  et  mitte  stereos,  caninus.  Et  colo/ 
mbinus.  et  gallinacium.  et  solbes.  ea  in  iot(t)a. 
et  mittis.  in  ipsa/  pelles  et  confices.  eas  ibi.  perdies. 
iii.  et  posthec  eice  illas/  exinde.  et  labas.  hutiliter. 
demitte  desiccar(e  eras.)e.  et  post/  hec  tolles.  alu- 


From  Codex  LucensiSj  490  23 

men.  asianum.  et  secundu/w.  quod  superius/  docui- 
mus.  de  alij[tina).  et  tolle  post  egluza.  et  pisas/ 
decoques  utili  (679  A)  ter.  cum  urina.  dimittis. 
refrida/re.  Et  cus(s  eras.)e  ipsas  pelles  sicut.  hut- 
res,  quomodo  diximus/  de  alithina  [Et]  coctione 
mittis  in  ipsos.  Et  confrica/  bene.  et  jnsufflas  modic 
(ras.)  um.  ut  abeat.  uentura.  et  confice  bene.  donee 
conbfbat.  ipsum  medicamen.  et  posthec/  refundis.  ex 
ipsis.  et  tolles.  ipsas.  pelles.  laba  semel./  et  postea. 
tolle  de  lulacin  -=-  iiii.  (679  B)  per  pellet,  et  huri- 
nam/  dispumata.  libras.  vi.  et  comisce.  ipsut  lulacin 
mitt  (ras)  is./  in  ipsos  utrem  sicut.  iota  luze.  et  con- 
fids  bene  donee/  sumatur.  ipse  umore.  confectionis. 
et  refundis.  quod  (s  corr.  ex  r)  u/  perat.  inpecorina. 
iota  luza  <e>  et  lulacin.  sicut  prediximus./  in 
alithina.  et  exiet.  pecorina  [s]  (se)cumdum  prasi- 
num./ 

Fol.  219  R°. 

TERTIA  TINCTIO.  (A  87) 

Terti(a)  (tin)ctio  uene(ti)  pelle.  sicut  superius/ 
diximus.  confices.  et  postquam  labantur.  mittuntur. 
in  alumen./  sicut  diximus.  et  post  eice  destipterea 
(s  eras.)  Et.  post  (ras.)  tolle  lulacin./  dimidia. 
libra  hurinam  spumatam.  liber,  x  et  coramisce  in 
unum./  mittis  jn  ii.  folles.  et  (679  D)  mittis  modi- 
cum uentum.  confice  sicut./  superius  diximus.  ista. 


24  A  Classical  Technology 

aute/w.  per  dies.  iiii.  adsidue  confices./  Similar  et 
post.  iiii.  dies,  mittis.  inpecorinam.  similar  et  ipsas/ 
confices.  per  dies.  v.  et  labas.  dimitti  sicca(re)/ 
(679  E). 

Quarta  tinctio.  melini 

Confices.  similar,  ipsas  pelles.  alumina./  eodem 
modo.  et  posthec  labas  depos(ras)t.  alumen.  et 
luza./  pisa.  et  decoques.  bene  cum  hurina.  dispum- 
ata.  Et  postquam.  refricdaberit.  mittis  jpsa.  jo(t)ta. 
jnipsos  folles.  et  conficis./  sicut  pr^diximus.  per  die 
(s)  v.  uel  vi.  Et  posthec  refundis.  et  a/  inguis  peco- 
rinas.  sicut  superius  diximus.  et  labas  desiccas./ 
(680  A)  (A  89). 

DE  PRIMA  PANDII  TINCTIO 

Prima  pandii.  ti<n>ctio.  confice  e(g  eras.) 
odem/  modo  pelles  et  mittis  similar  in  alumen.  et 
posthec  labas/  tingues.  ipsas  pelles.  in  uitriolo.  et 
labas.  bene.  Et  (ras.)  compones/  be(r)miculwTW. 
sicut  supra,  et  deinde  ex  ipsa.  iotta.  coctionis  mit/tis. 
(680  B)  in  ipsos  folles.  et  conficis,  ut  docuimz/j.  et 
refundis.  operari/  pecurinas.  et  labas.  desiccas. 

DE  II.  PANDII  TI<N>CTIO.    (A  90) 

Secunda.  pandii.  ti<n>ctio  operaris.  tingue  sicut. 
prediximus  cum  uitri/  olo.  et  labas  utiliter.  mit  (ti 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  4QO  25 

eras.)  te  ex  iotta  luze.  in  (680  C)  ipsos  folles./  et 
confices  p^rdies  iii. 

DE  TERTIUS  PANDIt/S. 

Tertius  pandius.  tingue  [mj/  < quern >  admo- 
dum  diximus.  melino.  et  posthec  tolle  jotta.  co[n]-c 
cina.  et  mit/  te.  Confice  sicut  prediximwy.  corallu 
(s).  tenuis  boni  colons.  Rubeus/  marine,  tritus. 
libram.  (680  D)  i.  lacca.  conquilium.  libram.  i.  et 
calcitarin  -=-.  ii./  galla.  -7-.  ii.  trita  omnia.  Et  com- 
misce  (de  eras.)  decoques.  cum  hurina/  ad  sole. 
[Et  uolueris.]  ipsas  pelles.  sicut  prediximus.  Et  dum 
uo/  lueri  ( ras. )  s.  tingue  remittis  ( i.  e.  tinguere  mit- 
tis).  ex  ipsa.  io  (ras)t(ras.)ta.  et  deurina.  dispu- 
mata.  Et  mittis.  jnipsos.  folle  [m].  Set  confices.  per 
dies  iii.  post/  hec  labas.  bene.  et  (d)esiccas.  (680 
E). 

DE  PORFIRO  MELINO./ 

Porfiro  melino.  confices.  ipsas  pelles.  sicut  supra 
et  mitte./  jn  alumen.  Et  deinde  labas.  Et  tingue 
melino.  posthec. 

219  V°. 

temperas  coccum.  et  ipsa  temperatione.  mittis. 
(ras.)  jn  ipsas  pelles,  tincta  (s)/  et  confices.  (681 
A). 


26  A  Classical  Technology 

Tertius  pandius. 

<Tertius  pandius>.  Tolle  rubiam.  et  pisa  bene. 
mittis  in  caccabum/  et  hurina  decoques.  hutiliter.  et 
post  mittis  modicum,  alumen./  et  commisce.  et  ponis. 
ut  (re)fri(c)det  et  posthec.  colas,  ipsas.  iotta./ 
mittis.  jnipso(s)  folles.  et  conficis.  bene  die  una. 
(68 1  B)  et  labas.  desucas.  et  post/  hec  tolle.  jotta. 
luze.  -r-  i.  et  lulacin  -f-  i.  et  commisce.  et  ungue. 
faciem/  de  pelle. 

Ti<n>ctio  ossuoium.  et  omnium./  co<r>nuo- 
rum.  et  omnium,  lignorum. 

Ti  <n>ctio  prasina  [rum],  de  quod  uis.  ex  om- 
(68 1  C)  nibtts./  supradictis  ossa.  autem  mittis.  In 
alumen.  asiana.  dies  xii.  cornum./  autem.  aluminas, 
diebwj,  viii.  lignum  uero.  iiii.  et  posthec  decoques./ 
luza.  bene  deponis.  qwod  uis  donee  fe(r)beat.  et 
dimittis  ut  re(ras.)fricdet./  et  dejnde  tolle.  ipsud. 
quod  mittis.  et  facis.  lulac  [er]  in.  [mittis.]  Et  di/ 
mittis.  illud.  diebus.  v.  Et  post  eice  et  labas.  (681 
D). 

Dei  tine  (tio)  ueniti./ 

Secunda.  tinctio  ueniti.  aluminas  sicut  supra  di- 
ximus.  et  facis  lulace  (rin)/  mitta.  equoduis.  et  dim- 
itte.  di<e>s.  x.  cornum.  x.  et  lignum,  iii.  (682  E). 

DE  TI<N>/  CTIO  MELINA. 
Tinctio  melina.  alumina,  sicut  supra  diximus.  et 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  27 

coque  luza.  utiliter.  cum  hurina.  ex.  pumata.  et  mit- 
tis  dum  bulliet./ 

DE  COLORE.  SIMILI.  CINNABARIAT. 

Colo(r)  e  [s].  simul  (leg.  simili).  cinnibarim. 
senopidera/  decocta  partes.  duas  siricum.  partem.  i. 
Commisce.  in  unum.  et/  temperas,  cum  aqua,  et  fac. 
cod  uolueris.  (683  A). 

De  parga(mina  e  corr.  in  ras.) 

Parga(mina  corr.  ex  bobina).  quomodo  fieri 
debet.  mitte.  illam.  in  calcem.  et/  temperas,  iaceat. 
ibi.  per  dies.  iii.  Et  tende  illam.  in  cantiro.  et  rade 
ilia,  cum/  nobacula  de  ambas  partes.  et  laxas  des- 
sicare.  deinde  quodquod  uolueris/.  Scapilatura.  fa- 
cere.  (683  B)  fac.  et  post  pingue.  cum  colorib(wf). 

DE  COMPOSITIO/  PSIMITHIN. 

Compositio  psimitthin.  tolle  acetum.  ace(rr)i- 
mum.  funde/  jn  an<for>um.  Ut  facias,  quasi  dimi- 
dium.  deinde  plumbum,  delatum  (leg.  delebica- 
tum?).  et  exte/nuatum  super  acetum.  suspenditur. 
sicut  acetum.  remissum./  ip(s)sa.  (683  C)  in 
an<for>um.  beluti.  fex.  subsedit.  que  facid  elimpi- 
datum.  lebi/  catam.  et  sole  siccata.  terimus  et  in 
aqua,  diu  labamwj. 


28  A   Classical  Technology 

DE  CALECETIS/ 

Calecetis,  gleba  tst.  naturalis.  que  in  cipro.  jnsu- 
lam.  jnuenitur.  metalli/  ci[s]  co  (683  D)  lorem 
subaurosum.  jntus  banas.  habet  defi(ss)as  perut/ 

220  R°. 

alumen  scissus.  et  in  mo(n  eras.)dum.  stel- 
larum.  fulgentis. 

DE  CEBELLINO. 

Cebellino  fiet.  sic  tolle  lignum  eerinum.  aut  de- 
(yryn)um.  et  munda/  ra  (683  F)  mus  eius.  Ex 
corcite.  Et  faciem.  eius  lebiter  dola.  Et  posthec/ 
mittee  illud.  jn  aqua,  et  obries.  in  loco  ubi  est.  ce- 
nosum.  annof.  xx.  Et./  post/  hec  [mitte]  eice.  et  de- 
mitte  ad  umbra  desuccare.  annum  unum.  Et  duw 
bo/  lueris.  labora  quoduis.  (684  A). 

DE  MEMORIAM 

Memoriam.  uniuersaru/rc.  herbarum.  lignorum. 
lapidum.  terre.  met  (a  coir,  e  ex  e)llorum.  amorum. 
aque  fungi  salis/  nitri  afronitri  olei  Picis  resine. 
terre.  sulforis.  el(ei)acosi.  I  De  metallo/  rum  qui- 
dem.  [Metallorum.  quidem],  species  hec  prima  met- 
allum/  exquo  fiet.  auro  terra  rufa.  a<d>modis 
subru  (684  B)  bicunda.  propter  adiux/  tantem. 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  29 

illi  terra,  est  enim.  Et  alia  similis.  Et  dum.  jncendi- 
tur.  perdet/  colorem.  et  non  are(n  corr.  ex  s)osa 
sicut  ilia  prior,  nascit  ( ras. )  autem  in  solanis:/  locis. 
e(t)  terr  (a  corr.  ex.  e)  e<s>t  sic<ut>metallum 
auri.  metallum  uero  argenti/  uiridis  tst.  Metallum 
autem  heramenti.  petra  est.  uiridis.  (684  C)  colore./ 
autem.  petre  similis.  aeramenti  (dum  per)cutis 
c(um  petreg)/  bolo  jgnem  (h)e[t]mitti.  auricalci. 
autem.  (ras.)  petra  est  (m)elina.  eodem/  modo 
ignem.  e[t]mittit. 

De  metallum. 

Lapis  est.  [Metallum  lapis]  est/  colore.  ipso  gagi- 
zon.   (684  D). 

de  plum  (ras.)  bum. 

Plumbum  autem.    (ras.)    terra  est  fusca./  lapis 
uero.  que  in  ea  jnuenietur.  uiridi  (s  corr.  ex  r)  est. 

De  uitri  arena.  (684  E) 

Arena  unde/  uitium  <m>etallizatur.  est  enim 
et  lapis,  et  ipsi  uitri  coloris. 

De  uitriolum/ 
uitriolum.  unde  fiet.  terra  ogrizos  sun  [t]  crete  ubi 


30  A  Classical  Technology 

berno.  tempore/  gutta  que  ipsa  collige[n]t.  [et] 
decoque.  et  ex  ipsa.  terra  fiet  calci(ras.)tarin/  que 
autem  arida  uitriolo.  (685  A). 

DE  ALUMEN. 
Alumen.  autem.  metallu/w/  est.  tera  floriens. 

De  eritarin. 

Terra  est  alba,  facilis/  ad  pisandum. 
De  sulfur.  (685  B) 

Sulfor  ex  terra  nascitur.  et  ipse  jncen/  ditur. 
locus  coctum.  autem.  commixtum  <cum>  oleo. 
[et]  coquitur. 

DE  NITRO./ 

(Nitrum)  sal  est.  quod  nascitur.  in<ter>ra 
[fiet].  jn  limnas  [jn  telopo]  cauatur/  (685  C). 

DE  SAL  SCISTIS. 
Sal  scistis:  nascitur.  similar. 

DE  AFRONITRO. 

Afronitro  uero  nascitur.  in  loco,  uitri.  prius. 
quam  (z  corr.  ex  u)elet.  conponitur.  autem./  et 
alium.  ex  nitro.  principale  (685  D)  autem.  spumam 


From  Codex  Luccnsis,  490  31 

<h>a<be>t  alba  ut  nix.  Com/  positum.  autcm. 
plus  fuscum.  abet  autem.  eandem  uirtutc  (Crux 
correctoris)./ 

De  terra  sulforita[n]. 

Terra  sulphuri<ta>  tantum  nascitur.  in  eodem/ 
loco  (ras.)ubi  sulfur,  nascitur.  ipsa  autem.  terra 
generat.  sulphur./ 

Fol.  220  V°. 

(Ductus  est  iesus  in  deserto  a  spiritu  ut  temptar 
<etur> :  Probatio  psnnae,  saec.  X-XI). 

DE  LAPIS  E[T]MATHITIS.  (685  E) 

Lapis  e[t]matthitis.  nascitur.  iuxta/  locum  ubi 
sulphur  nascitur. 

DE  ARGENTUM  UIBUM. 

Argentum./  uibum.  nascitur  ex  terra,  et  alium. 
ex  metallum  argenti  jn  con/  flationem.  (686  A). 

DE  AURIPIGMENTUAf. 

Auripi(c)mentu  metallum  est.  terre/ 
DE  LAPIS  GAGATIS. 

Lapis  gagatis.  jnuenietur.  jn  uniuersis.  locis./ 
(686B). 


32  A   Classical  Technology 

DE  PRASINUS  TERRA. 
Prasinus  terra  est.  mealli(ras.)zatur./ 

LULAX. 

Lulax  conponitur.  ex  terra,  ex  erbis  (686  C). 
DE  LAZURI./ 

Lazuri.  cumpositum.  Cianus  composit(us)  ficarim 
compositus  jarin/  heramen.  flos  psimitt(h)im. 
plumbi  flos. 

Ogrea  terra. 

Terra.  e(st)/  pandia  omniacolores  [omnes]  com- 
positio.  Calcuce(c  corr.  ex  t)aume/  num  et  (leg. 
ex).  Eramen  fiet.  Cinnibariw.  Ex  argento  ui  (686 
D)  bo.  fiet.  Siricura/  Ex  ipsimithim.  fiet  enim  et. 
ex  plumbum,  herbarwm.  autem/  terra,  et  lignorum. 

Ch(i  eras. )  riscollon. 

A  (r  corr.  ex  1)  est  non  alta.  meli/  num.  habens. 
jnteriorem  lignum,  nucis  cortices,  [est].  fru/ 
t[r]ices.  oligine.  cortice  mela.  cortice  hulmi.  cortice 
celsa./  [cortice].  hec  omnia.  tinctioni  sunt.  Rubia 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  33 

siluatica.  Luza  est./  mor(i  eras. )  closus.  galla. 
glande  est.  tamusaticar.  pustris  est./  [anticarbus.] 
Tuti  (686  E)  mallin.  herba.  est.  dantralasis.  dis- 
sobogauto/  erba  est.  resina.  omne[s]  specie.  Ex  pino. 
et  sappino.  quoquitur./  pice  recocta.  pe<r> colas, 
semel.  hedrea.  ex  ligno.  cedrino.  coqui/  tur.  resina 
Ex<s>a[c]pino  nascitur,  resina.  abietiam.  ex 
abiete.  nascitur./  mastice  ex  lentis.  co[n]  nascitur. 
zigea  ex  zigeo.  gumma.  ex  at<e>ri/  n[i]a.  secunda 
gumma.  ex  a[c]micdala.  oleo.  ex  oliba.  line  Icon./ 
Ex  semine.  lini  fiet.  Corallum.  ex  mare.  (687  A) 
oleo  lentissino/  et  (leg.  ex)  lentis.  Co  fiet.  con- 
quilium.  ex  mare.  Sal  ex  mare  hec/  omnia.  presi- 
gnauimwj.  ti(n)ctionum.  Coctionum.  <li> quorum. 
<con>s(leg.f)ectionum  lapides.  prediximus.  Me- 
talla.  haluminatione(s).  herbas  quas/  inuenia<n> 
tur.  Quod.  Ex  resinas.  colea.  [Re(s)inas.]  terras. 
quod  est/  sulfur,  olea.  aqua  negra.  aqua  salmagina 
[s].  uiscum./  et  omnia  plan<ta>tionum.  agralia. 
(687  B)  et  omnia  que  germinantwr/  et  domesticis. 
et  marinis.  cera  apium.  axungia.  aquarwm  autem./ 
dulcia.  omni<f>aciem  lignorum.  uero  pinus  sa[l 
se]pinus/  Giniperum.  caparis.  sus.  cinere  autem. 
glande  et  ficus./ 

Fol.  221  R°. 

Omnium,  istorum.  requisitio  (ras.)  neraquerecipit. 
quod,  ex  urina./  expumata.  acetum.  cum  aqua, 
plubiali.  aquara.  ante  [primus]./  omnia  ista  predix- 


34  d  Classical  Technology 

imus.  (687  C).  Modo  autem  pro  lit[e]ran/m. 
mensura.  h<ab>e<t>  (g)abwj/  libras.  x.  Sex- 
tarius  libras.  iii.  congius.  autem.  libras.  xii.  cabf.  iiii. 
idest./  libr&f  xl.  Temperatio  autem.  aceti.  cum  aqua, 
pro  inlumina(ti)one./  adhoc  (s  corr.  ex  r)upor 
firon. 

DE  PETALO  AURI.  (A  77). 

Qu<o>modo  petalt/m  fiet.  aun/m  (687  D) 
bizantium.  -f-  i./  argentum  mundum  sicut.  cl  bus. 
-f-  i.  Commisce  in  unum.  et  purga  ilium./  per 
plumbum,  et  post  funde.  exinde  comisce.  et  ba(t- 
corr.  ex  n)  te.  la[c]mina./  et  post  ilia,  battuta. 
subtiliter.  recide  illam  per  pensum.  usque  quin/  que 
tremisses  bizantii.  et  postquam.  perfecti.  e.  qualiter. 
<erunt.>/  [et]  si  una  longa  fuerit  aut  (687  E) 
curta.  per  martellum  adequetur.  tarn/  de  latum. 
quam  delongum.  si  equa  fuerit.  de  ille  -^  ii.  viii. 
petie/  fieri  debent.  Scaldato  illo.  jn  foco.  (b  corr. 
ex  p)atte.  et  tene  illut.  Cumte/nacla.  ferrea.  et 
<quando>  cum  que  battis.  [sed]  tornatur.  deintro 
jnforas./  ut  curte.  inmedio.  adparisca<n>t.  et 
quando.  crescen<t>s.  emisse  unum./  recide.  illas 
[su]per  coltellum.  per  pensum.  tertia[(s)]  uice[s]. 
et  in  quarta/  u.ice[s].  ubi  equale  penset.  [su]per 
totum.  [et]  plica  turn,  illud/  (688  A)  capud  ad 
(c  corr.  ex.  p)  apud  [et  pensat.  equale].  et  des- 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  35 

tende.  et  a  forfke./  recide.  et  super  ipsas.  ca(p)- 
pilaturas.  capud  ad  capud  ponatur./  et  battatur. 
manu[m]  una.  lebiter.  et  mittatur.  jnoleo.  [(qu)e] 
postquam/  sunt  de  ille.  viii.  petie.  Ix.  iiii.  [Et]  pos- 
tea  facis  caga.  eramentea./  et  semper  eum  ibi  scalda. 
et  aliud.  eramen.  ponead  battere  una  petia./  desuper 
et  una  de  (688  B)  subtws  et  quomodo.  pabtis  exmar- 
tello.  plana.  tante/  manus  de  illo.  capite  quante  de 
illo.  et  quomodo  crescit.  semise.  prima./  recide.  illud. 
et  pone,  unum  super  unum.  usque  Intertia.  uice. 
.post./  jnoleo.  mittatur.  et  semper,  eramen.  plica 
[(n)]tur.  et  aliud.  junga[n]tu(r)./  et  tamdiu[m] 
battatur.  ut  de  ille.  (viii.  petie)  mille.  xxviii. 
<fiant>./  Et  circinetur.  jllud  a  forfici.  (688  C) 
et  ipse  circina[(n)]tur(e)  restringe./  in  pannum. 
lineum.  ut  debeat  ardere  jn  ipsa  fornace.  ubi  pe/ 
talum.  mittitur.  et  ipsa.  fornace.  fiere  debet.  pedes. 
ii./  alta  a  terra,  et  ponatur.  tegula.  pertusa  super 
murum.  de  uno/  latere.  iii.  pertussa.  et  de  alto  (leg. 
alio).  iii.  Etinmedio.  unum. 

Fol.  221  V°. 

et  alia  tecula  ponatur.  super  semisse  unum  altum. 
a  terra,  et  pertun/  datur.  ipsa  in  (688  D)  medio 
loco,  et  a  terra  pertusso  unde  mittantur.  ligna/  et 
denante  unde  mittatur.  aurura.  et  ipsum  auru/w.  de- 
beas  cumcine(re)/  defemum  bouinum,  munditer. 
fie(r)e.  et  de  sale.  e[t]quale  (leg. — iter).  arsa 
trita.  sicut  <cum>  cinne(re).  commisce.  jnprima 


36  A  Classical  Technology 

[uete(re)]  cinnere  mittatur.  et  in.  ii.  [noua.]/  (A 
78)  Et  in  iii.  a  similz'fcr.  setantiantur.  et  postquam 
petalum.  coloratum  fue/  rit  quidquid  la  (688  E) 
borare  uolueris.  <fac> 

Deaurationem  petali.  cum  blutam/  de  obum  gal- 
linacium.  Et  si  deauratione  uitri.  fuerit.  sic  similite- 
(r)/  ct  si  deauratione  lignum  (leg.-ni)  fuerit.  Cum 
gipso.  bl(u  corn  ex  a)ta.  faciatur.  Corium/  tauri- 
num.  crudum.  capelatum.  et  buliat.  jn  ca(c)cabum. 
nobum.  Cum/  aqua,  ut  deferbeat.  dies.  ii.  et  iii  dies. 
tempe(r)as.  cum  gipso.  et  <si>uolis/  jnligno. 
aut  ubi  uolueris.  fac  et  tolle[t].  pellam.  des  [qua- 
tru]  quadriga  cum  ipsum/  (689  A)  gipsum.  et  post 
ilium,  siccum.  rade  (c  corr.  ex  t)um  cultellum. 
acutum.  et  de/  a(u)ra  postea.  (A  79). 

Et  si  plumbum,  deaurare  uolueris.  funde  illud  sup- 
tiliter./  et  rade  munditer.  et  pone  petalum.  supe(r) 
et  cum  e[t]mattit(h)e.  lixas.  Et/  stagni  opera 
si.  deaurare.  uolueris  similiter. 

Defferrum  deaura(re)/   (689  B,  A  80). 

i 

Si  autem  ferrum  deau(r)are  uolueris.  tolle  cal- 
citarim.  et  alumen./  asianum.  e(t  eras.)quis  pon- 
deribus.  et  sal  similter.  et  draca(n)tum.  tantum/ 
pensum  quantum  tota  tria.  et  comisce.  cum  aqua. 
i(s)ta  tota.  Et  in  caccabum/  Eramenteo.  mitte. 
Et  per  oram.  unam  bolliam.  Et  ungue  jpsum/  fcr- 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  37 

rum  ubi  deaurare  uo  (689  C)  lueris  et  modicum, 
(ras.)  laxa  st(arc).  et  ter/  ge  ill  (ras.)ut.  et  fict. 
color  eramentium.  et  tolle  lapidem.  onicinum./  et 
lixa.  illud.  et  si  exierit.  [et]  color  eramenti  [et]  re- 
tingue  cum.  Et/  si  ipsa.  deauratura.  no(n)  boluerit. 
prinde.  re  misce  cum  medicamen(tum)/  equaliter 
et  ungues. 

DE  DEAURATIONEM  PALLII./  (689  D) 
(A  81) 

Addeaurationem  palii  sicut  superius.  diximus  de 
blutam.  taurotica./  jnqualemuis  pannum.  facere 
uolueris  <mitte>.  et  si  [uol]  (aur)are  uolu/  eris. 
cum  ho(ni)cino.  lixas. 

DE  MILU  CUTIUM.  BRIDE  AURARE/ 
(A  82) 

Si  milum.  Cu  (m  cancell.)  zubri  de  (689  E) 
au(r)are.  uolueris.  cum  petalum  <fac>  Cum 
blutam/  obi  gallinacium  et  si  ipsum.  milum.  face- 
(re)  uolueris.  tolle  masticem  libanum  -f-  i.  pisa 
inmortario.  et  conmisces.  jn  unum.  Et  fac  milum. 

DE  CONFECTIONS  LUC(ID)E. 

Confectio  luc(id)  e  quomodo.  fieri/  debeat.  peta- 
lum aureum.  line  Icon,  -f-  v.  Galba  (690  A)  num. 

-T-ii./ 


38  A   Classical  Technology 

Fol.  222  R°. 

Terbentina.  -=-.  i.  pice  sp(a  corr.  ex  i)na.  -4-  i. 
Jste.  iii.  species,  solbe.  inunum.  Semel./  Cum  modico 
line  Icon,  et  postea  crocum  orientale.  -j-  i.  libanum. 
-T-/  iiii.  murra.  -j-  ii.  mastice.  -4-  ii.  resina. 
sapp[h]ini.  -4-  ii.  flore  puppli./  primotica.  -i-.  ii. 
ueronice.  -f-.  ii.  lineleon.  et  auricella.  commisce.  eat./ 
mas(so)na.  colas,  post  tota.  fersa  misce  ibi.  gumma 
ce  rasi<i>.  -J-  ii.  (690  B)  crocum./  libanu.  murra. 
gumma  cera  si<i>  [m].  resina  sapp[h]mi.  flo- 
(re)  pup(p)li./  ueronice.  pisa.  ista.  tota.  et  cri- 
bellata.  bulliat.  Cum  uncias.  iiii./  line  Icon,  et  post 
tote  bullite.  per  lin(t)eum.  colate.  et  sic  debeas. 
misce(r)e/  iste.  in  species  quod  est.  galbanum.  et 
terbentina.  et  pice  (s)pana./  et  si  aliquid  uitium. 
postea.  abuerit.  ut  se  desiccare.  non  poteat./  iunge 
(690  C)  mastice.  quantum  uolueris.  aut  -4-  i.  aut 
media. 

DE  PETALO  ARGENT  I  (690  C,  A  8s)./ 

Petali.  argenti.  jn  modum  auri  battantur.  de  pe- 
talum. 

de  petalum.  stagneum./ 

Quomodo  petalum.  stagneum.  fieri  debeat. 
<Tolle  stagnum>  -J-.  ii.  batte  lamina,  longa./  et 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  39 

gracile  et  recide  ea  (690  D)  per  pens(u  corr.  ex 
a)m.  usque  (a  corr.  ex  e)t  quinque  uices.  Et 
suuen/  tiura  (ras.)  eum  diuide. 

DE  FIL(I  eras.)   A  AUREA  FACE  (RE). 

Quomodo  petalum./  fiet  ad  fila.  aurea.  auro  bonum. 
sicut  metrum.  batte  lammina:  longa./  et  gracile. 
quando  per  longum.  battis.  plica  etiam  unum.  supe- 
(r)  unum/  (690  E)  et  sic  eas.  battes.  sed  pleca- 
turas  non  battis.  et  postea  aperis  aurum  p?r  medium. 
Et  amba  capita  non  battuta.  jn  medio  ueniant.  et 
bat(i  eras.)te/  Et  cum  ala  (nouacula  ?).  eum 
diuide  Et  post  debeas.  ad  pluna.  re  cum  matiola./ 
lignea.  Et  de  solum  unum  debeas  facere  iii.  petalas. 
Et  post  tolle(s)/  forfices.  bonas  subtilissimas  longas. 
et  graciles.  et  circina.  (i  corr.  ex  u)llu  (t  corr.  ex. 
m)/  usque  ad  sanum.  et  plica,  unum.  cata  unum. 
petal um  (691  A)  et  contin(u  eras.) a  ilia,  cum/ 
conte  ( ras. )  na.  ferrea.  et  tota  sic  similiter.  fieri, 
debent.  Et  tolle  ca(r) bones  minutos.  adprehende. 
illos.  jnfocario  et  debeas.  mitte(re).  tota.  petala./ 
intro  modico.  et  gabata.  e[t]quale  ut  tota  scaldata. 
fiat,  et  habes./  aquam  paratam.  et  bersa.  sup^r 
ut  adluminentur.  seipse.  petala.  Et./  post  tolle. 
tragantum.  mundum.  et  diligenter.  pista  (691  B) 
illut.  jn  mor/  tario.  et  sal  equis  ponderibwj.  et  frica. 
cum  aceto.  extempera(s)se/  indue  per  petala,  de 


40  A  Classical  Technology 

ambis.  partibus.  equaliter.  cum  pin(n  corr.  ex  ao) 
a  et  in  fo/  carium.  scalda.  promodico  (s).  sic  colo- 
ratwr  aurum.  Et  cum  aquam/  munda.  laba.  Et 
diuide.  eum.  et  adsucca.  Et  post,  cap/pela.  fila.  (ut) 
xii.  tremisses.  pen(s)ent.  ad  a[u]cu./ 

Fol.  222  V°. 

pictile.  Et  ad  aurura.  textum.  gracile.  (691  C) 
Ut  xv.  tremisses  pesent./  et  ipsa  fila  longa.  palmi 
ties,  et  petala.  sic  esse  debent./ 

DE  COLORATIO  PETALI  ARGENTI. 

Coloratio.  Detail,  argenti.  alumen  asianum./  par- 
tes.  ii.  Sal.  i.  pista  cum.  (c  corr.  ex  a)ribellatu/7i. 
unum  sit  [a  inpetalum]/  (in)petalum  (691  D) 
(inter  lineas:  f  <i>  &)  modum  (corr.  ex  modi- 
cum), et  mitte.  jn  fornacem.  Sicut  superius/  docui- 
mus.  ad  aureum. 

alia  coloratio. 

Femum  de  boue  munditer/  Jncenditur.  et  sal  sim- 
iliter  omnes. 

DE  TI<N>CTIO  CALCIS  IN  COLORE/ 

Auripicmenti  tolle  una.  et  petia  ad  petia  sterne. 
super  calce/  et  iaceat  sic  (691  E)  die  et  nocte.  j. 


From  Codex  Luccnsis,  490  41 

jn  aer.  Et  inde  quidquid  uolueris/  inparicte  facerc 
fac. 

DE  LUCIDA. 

AD  LUCIDUS  super  colore(s).  quale  fieri 
debet.  lineleon  [t],  -=-  iiii.  tereuentina.  -f-  ii./  gal- 
banum  -r-  ii.  Larice  -r-  ii.  Libanum  -=-  iii.  murra. 
-T-.  iii./  mastice.  -r-.  iii.  ueronice.  ~-  i.  gu[g]ma. 
cerasi.  -f-  ii.  flore  (692  A)  pluppi.  -r-  ii.  gu]g]ma. 
amigdalina.  -~-  ii.  resina.  sappini  -7-  ii./  que  pisande 
sunt  pisa.  et  gri(b  corr.  ex  l)e(l  eras.) la.  et  cum 
superit/j.  mitte/  ingabata.  auricalca.  Et  mitte  in  for- 
n(u  corr.  ex  a)c(a  corr.  ex  u)  lido,  et  sine/  flamma. 
coce.  ut  non  exeat,  foras.  et  post  cola,  cum  linteo/ 
mundum.  et  si  rada  ue(ne)rint  decoque  Et  usque 
dum  (s)pi(s)sa.  fiant/  et  qualibet  opera  picta 
aut  sca(p)pilata  jnlucidare.  su  (692  B)  per./ 
debeas.  et  pone,  ad  sole,  desicca  illam./ 

DE  ERAMENTUM  ALBUM  UT  non  perdat 
colorem.  jn.  caliclo/  jn  fundum.  [jn  summum.] 
uitrum  mitte  et  sic  confla  eum.  e(t)  quomodo.  eum 
fundis.  cum  subcelliim  aperi  eum./  (692  C). 

CRISOGRAFIA.  (A  20) 

Aurum.  obrizo.  limas.  tenuiter  et  in  mor/tano. 
forforiti.  co[m]mittis.  et  adic(i)es.  acetum.  a  (c 


42  A  Classical  Technology 

corr.  ex  t)e(r)ri/  mum.  et  teri(s)  pariter.  et  labas. 
quamdiu[m]  nig(r)o  fuerit/  et  effundes.  tune 
demum.  mittis,  au(t)  salis  granum./  aut  certe  ni- 
tr(ras.)  um.  et  (692  D)  sic  solbitur.  et  postea. 
scribis/  et  litteras  pellis  (leg.  polis).  Sic  omnia 
metalla.  solluuntur. 

Alia/  crisografia.    (A  21). 

Plumbum,  comflas.  et  frequen(ter)./  jntinguis. 
inaqua.  frigida.  et  tune  conflas.  aurura/  et  re- 
stingues.  jn  pr^dicta.  aqua,  et  fit.  fragile/  deinde 
limatum  ter[r]is.  (692  E)  diligenter.  aurww.  Fol. 

223  R°. 

Cum  argento  uibo.  et  purgas  eum.  diligen- 
ter. cum  e(st)liquidum./  Et  scribes  ante  jn  alumine. 
liquido.  Calamum  tingues.  quod  ad/  him  (en)  sit. 
cum  sale  et  aceto  (obtimo)  purgas. 

Alia  auri  scriptio. 

Sumes[t].  L(a  corr.  ex  u)m/  minas.  aureas.  et 
argenteas.  et  teris  in  mortario.  Jn  sale  greco.  uel/ 
ni  (693  A)  tro.  donee  non  pareat.  deinde  mittis. 
aquam  et  effundis.  Et  iterum/  mitti(s)  sal.  Et. 
ablues  similiter.  Et  ubi  parz/m  aurww  remanserit. 
adi/  cies  aeri[e]s  flos  modicum,  et  fel  taurinum.  Et 
conteris  simul/  et  scribes,  et  litteras.  polis.  Si  uero 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  4QO  43 

uis  ut  diffusu/w  sit  et  a[m]/  bundantiis.  uis 
(s)cribere.  teris  separatim.  auripicmenti.  iiii.partes./ 
scisciles.  et  ele  (693  B)  (d)ri.  parte.  i.  Et  criuella. 
et  misces,  inde  tantum./  quantum  equale[s]  sit.auro. 
etconteris  pariter.  etscribes.  Cum  siccaberis.  polis. 
ex  hoc  autem.  Et  inuitr  (a  eras.)  eo.  Et.  inmarmore/ 
pinges.  Jta  utsimili  modo.  quasi  cum  auro  scribas. 

Scriptio/  similis  auri.  (693  C,  A  22). 


Scriptio.  eli<d>riu772.  Pragmas  iii.  auripicmen- 
tum.  clarwra  Pragmas  iii./  Fel.  testudinis.  Pragmas 
iii.  Albumen,  oborum.  dragmas  v.  Sint  au  (693  D)- 
tera/  non  soluw  jn  menbranam.  aut  carta.  Sed  etiam. 
jn  uitreo.  uel  mar/  moreo.  uase. 

Inauratio  pellis  (693  E)   (A  84) 

(tollis)  pellem  rubea.  (ras.)  et  pumicas  earn./ 
diligenter.  et  temperas.  <cum>  aquam  tepidam.  et 
labas.  ea.  diligenter./  quoadusqwe  limpidam  aqua 
egrediatur.  deinde  tendis.  in  cant(i  corr.  ex  a)rio./ 
et  l(a)mnizas.  usque  iiii.  uices.  posthec.  tendis.  Jn 
axe  mundam  diunde  (m  eras.),  facies.  desuper.  Et 
cum  ligno  mundo.  coequas.  E<am>/  diligenter. 
postquam  autem.  exiccata  fuerit.  tollis  al  (694  A)- 
bumen./  obi.  et  spungia  munda.  Et  intinguis.  jn 
ipsum.  lacrim(v  corr.  ex  e)m./  et  inducis.  semel. 


44  ^  Classical  Technology 

per  ordinem.  Si  autem.  non  sufficit.  jnducis./  iterum. 
Et  cum  siccatum.  fuerit.  ponis  petalum.  deinde/ 
Intinguis.  spu(n)  giara.  in  aquam.  et  premis.  et  cum 
siccatum./  fuerit.  polis.  deinde  super  <  ponis  >. 
cum  pelle  munda  fricas  jterum/  polis  similiter.  Et 
dracanto.  jnauratur.  ita  tamen.  (694  B)/  ut  mittas. 
jn  aquas,  subnocte.  quoadusqw*?  de/so(l)batur. 

Quomodo   eramen.   jn   colore   auri   trans/mutetur. 

tolles  eramen.  mundum.  limatum.  partes  ii./ 
Et  alumen.  assianum.  jn  mortarium.  pisatum.  di- 
ligenter./ 

Fol.  223  V°. 

Et  cribella  (694  C)  turn,  partem.  j.  Et  comisce. 
jn  unum.  Et  mittis.  jn/  caliclo.  Et  ponis  jn  prunis 
donee  Confletur.  et  comisceatur./  heramen.  Cum 
alumen.  Et  desine.  su(c)cendere.  nam  ex  multo/ 
jncendio  jncende  [e]t  alumen.  jpsut.  eramen.  ct 
postea.  jnfun/de[t],  ex  urinam.  jpsam.  formam 
uasorum.  que  uis  facere.  Et  sic  funde/  ipsu,d  eramen 
jnsecunda.  Cumflatura.  non  pmlet  colorem.  jn- 
(ter)/  tia  p^rdet.  Cum  limas.  non  perdet  colorem. 
Et  cum  battis/  non  perdet.  colorem.  Cum  uero 
frangitur.  jnutilis  erit./  Frica  omnia.  alumen. 
hegyptia  (s  eras.)  fresa.  solido*.  iii.  nitrus.  -r-  i./ 

Operatic  cinnibarin. 
Conponitur.   sic  tolles.   ydr[o]argiris.    (694   E) 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  4QO  45 

mundt/j/  partes.  ii.  sulfuris.  uibi  partem.  i.  Et 
mitte  ampull(a  corr.  ex  u).  sine  fum(u  corr.  ex 
o)  m/  et  lenitfr  igni  dequoqw^s  [fades]  cinnibarin. 
Et  laba  hutiliter.  post/  hec  tolles  petala<s>.  mun- 
dissimas.  de  eramen.  et  suspende  sup^r  acetum. 
accerrimum.  pones  adsolem.  jnmobilem  post  dies 
<quot  ?>ape/  ries  et  tolles.  ipsa  petalla.  colliges 
florem.  et  facies.  jarim  mun/  dissimum.  post  tolles. 
plumbum,  facies  petala.  suspende/  sicut  primum 
su  (695  A)  per  acetum.  et  colliger.  ipsum  flore.  et 
labas.  bene/  donee  mundura  fiat,  et  facies.  simity. 
tolles  de  cinnibarin  [t]/  partem  unaw.  Et  de  iarim. 
partem  dimidia.  Et  di[m]ipsim  parte/Tzdimidia/ 
etmittis,  Jnmortario  mamoreo.  et  te(r)es  bene  post 
tri(ti)onem./  mitte.  exaqua.  ubicoquitur.  hic(ti)- 
ocollon  et  fiet:  (695  B)  picmentum  pandium/ 

Pandius  porfirus. 

Jotta.  decoctionis.  coquilii  libram.  i.  cinniba(r)in 
-T-  i./  siricum  mundum.  -7-  i.  omnia  trita.  Et  cum 
modica.  hurina.  Commiscis/ -mitte.  jn  uaso  uitreo.  et 
reponis.  adsolem.  donee,  dissicetu(r)./  (695  C). 

Quianus  no<s>citur  sic. 

propter.  pensum.  ante  commixtionem  species 
(s)unt/  marmorem  tritum.  bene[m].  Commiscis 


46  A  Classical  Technology 

Secunda  mensuram.  Coctio/  nis. 

Pandius  uiridis.  qw/a(u  eras.)nus.  \ibram.  i. 
ipsimittim.  -=-  i.  jsta  mitte/  Commisce.  cum  hurina. 
Expumata.  hec  omnia.  exposui/mus.  quia  ([quia]. 
exte(r)renis.  maritimis.  floribz/j.  uel  herbis./  Ex- 
posuimus.  uirtutes.  uel  operatione(s)  earum.  jn 
parietibus./  et  lignis.  linteolis.  pellibus.  et  omnium 
<operationes>.  Jta  me/mor(>a  corr.  ex  t)mus 
omnium,  operationes.  qui  in  parietibwj  simplice.  jn 
ligno.  cere./  commixtis.  coloribus.  inpellibw*.  [jctio 
collon.  Commixtuw.]/  (695  E). 

Fol.  224  R°. 

(Conpositio  pi<ci>s. 

Primo.  pice  urida.  -f-  i.  <Quid  ?>  dragmas  du.as. 
sulfo(r)  uibus.  solidos  iii./  resine  dragmas  iii. 

SCYRA. 

Halii.  dicunt  aque  oleum,  halii  flore.  aque  all./ 
qz/edonia.  alexandrini.  autem.  amoraque.  Nascitur. 
autem.  in  a  (696  A)  qua.  ubi  alba/  terra,  terra, 
russea.  terra,  nigra  <nascuntur>.  Et  inde  autew 
de  aqua  fiet.  melinus./  sup^r  aqua,  jn  circuito. 
exitus  aquarum.  Est  autem  <a>  qua  grauis  et 
egrota/  pro  te(rr)a.  que  flore  gene(r)at.  Si<c> 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  47 

autem.  colligitur.  martius  aprilis  si  calidos  <sunt> 
[locus]  usque  ad  hoctobri  mense.  [colligitur  aute 
<m>  sic]  tolles  aute  <m>  lana/  mollis(s)ima. 
labata.  et  inponis.  super  a  (696  B)  qua.  et  exp(r)i- 
mis  jn  uaso  uitreo.  abentem/  pertuso  modicissi- 
<mum>  cera  <clausa?>.  aperies,  ipsum  pertus- 
sum  et  subpone.  lana/  munda.  donee,  deliqwetur. 
jpsa  aqua  et  remaneat.  hamoraque.  Jtaque  amorem/ 
aque  mittis  Aragmam.  i.  balsamum.  mundum.  -f-  i. 
aurias.  vi.  oleum  s<c>  ilicum./  alii  oleum,  ricinum. 
dicunt  [untur].  alii,  laucidis.  a  (696  C)  lii  uero 
uiscum.  solidwm/  picis  cip(r)essini  solidwj.  i.  au- 
(r)  eas.  xii.  pici  <s>  spinifs].  i.  rapone.  exoleos/ 
solidi.  ii.  nit(r).  solldus.  i.  (r)elinisteo  alii  sodica. 
alii  paudii  rusticant/  alii  gu[g]mam.  alii,  manti- 
can.  alii,  timon.  alii  tricas.  alii  trico./  relinon.  quo- 
modo  appii.  nascitu(r).  jn  aqua,  jn  parietibwj.  Ubi 
calce/  qui  dicitur.  erba.  ca(pi)llacia.  arida.  terita  -f- 
(696  D)  i.  aulocias  alii  [s]sticis./  alii  galmidam. 
alii  galmidam.  alii  <gan>gaddian.  alii  geroph 
<il>  a.  alii,  marci  an  <to>  nini.  Alexandrini. 
autem.  scara.  mundi.  anis.  auri  papati.  herba  subtilis 
ramo/  sa.  spina.  jnuoluta.  albidiante.  multi  exinde 
acce<n>dent.  candelas./  nascitur  autem.  in  locis. 
petrosis.  et  asperis  folia  sicut  murta./  et  spi(s)sa. 
arida  et  trita.  soliWz  iii.  draff  mam.  i.  robas  <fero> 
ticis.  Alii  cocu  (696  E)  de(ra)  nasciter./  sicut 
rubus.  fortiores  <habet>  ramos.  et  spissus.  fruc- 


4-8  A  Classical  Technology 

turn  ucro.  ex  <si>  milem./  zizi.  f  (1  eras.)  e  (b 
corr.  ex  u)lus.  rotandus.  pro  quo  uocauerunt.  gen- 
tiles zizifa.  ac(r)estis./  habet  intus.  grana.  triangu- 
la  pilosa.  ipsa  c(r)ana  siccata.  ,et  trfta.  solidus. 
i./  omnia  ar[r]ida.  tritasmoti.  posthec  comisce. 
ad<d>e  gigea  solidi.  duo/  etcomisce  et  a  (697  A)- 
ter[r]es.  hutiliter.  repones.  jnuaso  testeo.  uitumin- 
ato./  et  dum  bullierit.  lento  j(ras.)  gni[s].  semel 
fiet.  compositio  picis. 

DE  EXTINGUENDUM.  IGNIS 

Dicamus.  nunc  ad  (x  eras.)  tinguendum./  qualem 
oportet.  abere.  remedfum.  siexarderit.  j[n]gnis  neces- 
seest/  cum  furuere.  e(x  corr.  ex  t)tinguere  si  plus 
arserit  arena,  jn  fusa  netrina./ 

DELAZURI 

Lazuri.  principale  folia,  folia,  floris  uiole.  collige 
bene./  et  jnmortario  mundo.  teres  bene.  et  saponem. 
exaurwm  ungia/  sine  calcem.  mundus.  facies.  cum 
a  (697  B)  qua  tepidam.  et  solbe  (s)aponem.  jn 
libraaque  fol.  224  V°. 

-f-  Et  fricas  hutiliter.  jpsum  saponem.  Cum 
aqua.  Et  dimitte/  refrigerare.  Et  posthec  mit- 
tis.  ipsam.  commixtionem.  inipsos./  flores.  tritos. 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  49 

[tritura  flores]  et  mittes  ilium  jn  uaso  uitrco./ 
ubi  possis  manum  mitere.  etreponis.  illut  ibi.  ct  post 
tempus/  ibis  comisce(re)  (s)emper.  comiscas.  codem 
modo.  (697  D)  et  permouis.  comis/  cas.  aut  non 
comiscis.  cotidie.  mobis  semel.  jndie.  usque  adunam./ 
cbdomadam.  postheciii.  (dies),  et  duos  permobis. 
donee  decoquas  posthec  tolle  (g  eras.)  lilium.  fus- 
cum.  malorem.  qui  est  porfirwm.  qui  habet  foliam. 
ueluti.  cultelwj.  simul.  et  ipsum.  defricas.  jnmortario. 
hutilit(er)/  et  dimittis  sine  sapone  mite(n)s. 
aquam.  et  (697  E)  posthec.  tolles  ex  uiole/  Compo- 
sitionem.  libras  ii.  alumen  egip(ti)[s].  spuma  si 
forte  est.  spumatum.  alumen  mittis.  sidebile.  crudus. 
mittis  -K  ii.  hurina/  spumata.  liber,  i.  et  lento  igni. 
decoques  per  o(r  corr.  ex  s)a(s)  se(x  corr.  ex  e) 
Et  si  multura/  ui  [p]rode  est  mittis  urinam.  siuero. 
multum.  uenetum.  mittis/  plus  alumen.  Si  autem. 
lazurim.  uisci  dragmam.  Exalbo  lilium.  domesticura/ 
mittis  quas  sufficiam  et  decoques.  (698  A). 

Custum  autem.  coctionis. 

tollis/  lignum,  concabum.  et  <e>  ice  lazurin. 
erba.  papaberis.  cocta.  cum  folia/  riorum,  reponis. 
inpiniatu  nouum.  una  die  et  aperies,  et  pones,  ad 
una/  die  et  dum  marcescit.  tolles.  aquam  j[n]- 
ctiocollon  decoquitur.  Et/  mittis.  inipsa  folia, 
florwm  et  te(r)res.  utiliter.  cum  modicum/  cinni- 
barin.  commisce.  et  exiet.  color  pandius.  (698  B). 


5O  A  Classical  Technology 

Conpositio/  lulacin. 

Flore.  caucalide  flore  lini.  jnmundi.  magn  (leg. 
m)  a  uiole  duarwm/  supra  dictarum.  de  biolam  -f- 
i<de  >mino(re).  partes  duas.  de  maiore.  partem/ 
unam.  magma,  autem.  talem  no<n  sit>  secundum. 
compositionem./  laz  (at  eras.)  uri.  sed  tantum  cum 
aqua  de  lilio.  autem.  ueneto  maiore/  partem  una. 
ista  mag  (698  C)mata.  fient.  ambas,  jnlignum 
detritum./  hutilfter.  reponentur.  jn  uas  uitreum. 
magmata  duo  uiole  autem/  minorem.  simutim. 
facies  magma,  et  de  lilio  ueneto.  maiore/  simutim 
facies  magma,  deinde  mittis  dea(l)bo  (me  eras.) 
idest.  de  c[u]o/  callida.  et  de  tenio  partes.  duas.  et 
de  uiola  minorem.  partem.  i.  et/  maiorem  partem. 
i.  alumen.  egiptius.  spuma.  (698  D)  [de  magma/ 
quattuor,  specierum.  alumen.]  solidi  v.  sapone  ex 
axungia  sine  (pul  eras.)/  cal(i  eras.)ce  -f-  i.  ista 
decoques.  modicum,  teres  [unguatum].  ex  ne(r)- 
biarum/  uuatum  libram  i.  posthec  <c>ommisce 
magma,  decocta.  cum  ipso/ 

Fol.  225  R°. 

uuatum.  et  comisce.  cum  coctione  magme.  et 
hutiliter.  teres/  donee  puluis  fiat,  tolles.  posthec  et 
pones,  adsolem.  Jstud  est./  lulacim.  zebe<l>lazuri. 
(698  E)  zonta.  et  exfloribwj.  compositum  est 
flores./  neulacis.  quod,  grege.  ta.  psia  dicitur.  alii. 
cameleo(n)ta  collige  flore/  et  repone.  et  posthec. 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  51 

imgue  manus  tuas  exsapone.  deuncto  sine/  calce  et 
deinde.  fricas.  intermanus.  flores.  et  repones. 
jnuaso./  diuetri.  [et  re  ponis.]  facies  donee,  i  psi 
flores.  consum[m]antur.  et  re/  positum.  jnuaso 
(699  A)  cooperis.  utiliter.  inlocum  calidum  et 
aperies./  cognosce,  donee,  fiat,  ueniti  (c)olores.  et 
posthec  dimittes  eum./  discopertum  tantum  cum- 
panno.  cooperis  tantum.  munde  et  tollis/  de  uuatum. 
uiride.  et  decoques.  exnerbiata.  decoques.  cumhur- 
ina./  expumata.  donee  solbantur.  folia.  Et  tarn  diu 
quoquis.  quo[d]adusq«?/  consum[m]  a(n  eras.)tur 
ipsa  [a]  urina.  et  fiat,  pin  (699  B)  guis.  jpsa.  coctio. 
et  de/  mitte.  ut  re  [c]fricdet.  et  tolles  deflore  neula- 
cis.  libras.  iii.  ipsud/  autem  uuatu  libras  ii.  Et 
cinnaba<ri>n.  dimidia  -f-.  Et  comisce  te(ri)e./ 
munditer.  cooperies  ipsum  mortarium.  et  demitte 
ilium,  requiesce(re)/  Et  tolles.  o(stri)a.  et  mundas. 
jntus.  et  foris.  hutiliter  et  delabas./  ut  nee  sordes 
dimitta.  nee  linum.  et  tolles  ipsa.  o  (699  C)  stria. 
et  repone  (s)./  jncaccabo  nouo  et  dequoques.  jn 
fornace  donee  ardeat  et  fiat/  puluis.  Et  re[c]fricdas. 
teres  simutim.  utiliter.  tolles.  ex/  ipso  puluerem.  libe 
i.  et  tolles.  jarim  mundum  et  mittes  jnalia./  urina. 
dispumata.  et  ter[r]es.  d'mtius.  donee  turbuletur. 
ipsa  urina./  et  fiat  uiridis.  et  posthec  ex  ipsa.  hurina. 
turbula.  comiscis./  jnipsu  mortarium.  et  (699  D) 
defricas  bene.  et  repones.  jnuaso  nouo/  et  pone  adso- 
lem  diem  una.  Et  post  cooperies  et  linies  et  pone/ 


52  A  Classical  Technology 

jnfornace  de  uitriario.   superius.  die  una.  et  exies 
(leg. — et).  lazuri./ 

Russeum  uero  de  tribus  spe(ras.)  citbus  com- 
(699  E)  ponitu(r).  hec  coquitu(r)sic  tolle  lacca. 
teres.  hutiliter.  et  comisce  cumhurina.  expumata/ 
et  decoques.  bene  lento  igni.  et  <in>  fpsa  coctione 
mittis.  -T-  i.  lulaci./  solidum.  i.  et  trita  hutiliter. 
demitte  desidere.  adsolem. 

Alia/  compositio  uermiculi. 

mittis  uermiculum.  \\bram  i.  coccarin  \ibram  i./ 
coc(c)arin.  nascitur.  sicut.  superius  (700  A)  dictum 
est.  jnfolia.  cedri[n]./  non  tritate.  depost  fornace 
(que  cancell.  ut  uidetur)  lazurin.  primum.  -f-  com- 
isce te(re)s/  hutiliter  jnmortario.  et  mittes.  hurina. 
dispumatam.  libras  xv. 

Fol.  225  V°. 

Et  mittis  jncaccabo  nouo  dequoques.  donee  addi- 
midiam  ueniat./  partem  jpsa  hurina.  et  ateres  jpsa 
crana.  cum  (ras.)  cinabarin/  jnlinteolo.  delabas 
sicut  superius.  continet<ur>.  donee  consu  (700 
B)/  matur.  et  post  hec  reponis.  adsolem. 

Alia  compositio  uermi/  culi. 

Uermiculum.  libra  dimidia.  alii  uermiculi.  -f-  vi. 
psimitti./  vi.  lulacim.  -f-  trita  hutiliter.  ponis.  jncac- 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  53 

cabo  add  is  hurinam/  expumata.  libre  x.  et  mittis 
inlenteolo.  raro  pisas  ip  (700  C)  sum.  coccum/ 
delabas.  jnhurina.  et  iterum  pissas.  delabas  hurina. 
donee,  expenda/  tur.  jpsud  (ras.)  coccum.  sed  de- 
coque  donee  beniat.  jpsa  hurina.  addimi/  diam  par- 
tern,  et  reponis  ad  solem. 

Pandius  purpurei  colorem./ 

Conpositus.  ex.  iiii.  (s)peciebwj  lulacim.  quianus. 
cinnabarin.  lacca/  E[t]  qui[bu]s  ponderibttj.  trita. 
et  conponis.  jnuaso  uitreo.  (700  D)  et  ponis  ad- 
solem/  donee  de(si)cetur. 

DE  METALLO. 

De  metallo  adauro  coquendo  jndicamus  uobw. 
comodo  coctum.  fieri  possit.  depinguetudinem.  et 
abdum/  jpsum  metallum.  jnuentu  fuerit  faci<t>e 
uasum.  quod  deipsum.  metallum/  recipere  debeat 
(700  E)  libras  xx.  et  postea  mittite  cumipso  uaso 
infornace/  et  sufflare.  adignem.  ad  (leg.  ab)ora 
prima  ad  hora  sexta.  postea  ue(r)o./  <in>  pin- 
guitudine.  metali.  mittendum  est  corallum.  libre  ii. 
amoniacos./  fundatum.  c[a]ucumarwm.  libra  salbe. 
dica.  libre/.  ii.  cera  alba  adsufficientem./  quantum 
p<l>us  fuerit  unctum.  libr*.  ii.  tatarum.  libra  i. 
coctum.  de  omnem/  pigmentum.  per  semetipsum. 
singulis.  jn  tra<n>tem.  (701  A). 


54  ^  Classical  Technology 

quod  uos  legitis.  nos/  (o  corr.  ex  u)mam.  pro- 
batum.  habens  (leg.-mus).  si<t>  isto.  delectabile. 
quia  tres  metalla.  adau(r)ura./  coquendo  continet. 
et  alium  metalum.  jndicamus.  uobis.  cocendum  sed/ 
plus  uero.  disculura  erit.  qua<m>  metallum  auri. 
qui  ipsum.  cocere  uoluerit.  sicut/  ros.  odore.  erit.  et 
inipso.  uaso.  ubi  coctum.  fuerit.  mitte  [n]  t  [cm] 
prima/  uero  coctura  pice.  a[r]dasta  medietate  (701 
B)  liber,  alia  uero  pe(rs)u(s)a./  uetrum.  Mas- 
talo.  tertia  uero.  coctura  stagnum.  liber,  ii.  qui 
ipsum/  metal  lumadopera  saluam.  producit.  et  dum 
coctum  fue(r)it.  [Et]  sic  istud/  que  jnipsum  me- 
talum. mixtum  fuerit.  adpul(be  eras.)berem.  [ad- 
pulberem]  uertitur.  quia  probatum  est. 

DE  PRASINUS.  TERA. 

Deprasinus  te(rr)  [e]a/  est  uiridis.  et  ipse  lapis, 
[terrea  uiridis]  exquo  metalo  manatur.  argen/  turn 
nascitur.  autem  et  ipsa.  terra,  jnlocis.  petrosis  ubi 
inueniuntur/  multa.  metala.  et  diuersis.  coloribwj. 
ista  petra.  trita.  albas  benas.  habet./  et  decocta.  exe- 
unt, nigra.  sic  enim  probatu(r  corr.  ex.  am),  com- 
minuta.  post  cac(ti)onem/  jntus.  ut  (701  D)  argen- 
ti.  colores.  ostendit.  iste  lapis,  quod  exiet  argentu;rz. 
tolle/ 

Fol.  226  R°. 

Ex  <i>pso  metalo  <in>fornace  enim  superius 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  55 

prime  cathmi[i]e.  mittis.  ipsum./  metallum.  jnca- 
tia.  camini.  et  inple  ca(r)bonibw$  et  decoques  ut 
superius  diximus/  jusu  ligna.  et  sus<u>  carbones. 
et  decoques  et  fundis.  jndie  una.  et  dimittis./  re- 
[c]fricdare  inipso  loco,  et  posthec  tollis  ipsa.  massa. 
et  (701  E)  comminues./  minutatzm  remittis.  jnipso 
camminuTTZ  sicut  primum.  Et  cum  illud.  plumbum./ 
remininum.  in  c.  (c  eras.)  libm  masse  plumbi.  xv. 
et  coquis  sicut  prius  p^rdies.  iii./  posthec.  ia.  eice. 
ipsara.  massa.  Et  committis.  incaliclo.  et  conflas.  per- 
duasora(s).  (702  A)/ 

DE  LAPIS  ADAMAN<S>. 

Lapis  adama<ns>  nascitur.  ex  ca  (tcorr.exh)h- 
mia  et  auri  coctione/  jnprima  con<s>trictione. 
massa.  e  post  prima  coctura  dum  confringis  ma(ss)a/ 
omnis  massa.  [et]  confringitur.  lebiter.  isa.  autem. 
remanet.  alia  magna.  alia  minima/  qui  (702  B)  bus 
ferrum  non  dominatur.  nee  aliud  quit  aliorum. 
lapidum.  ipsa  autem  potes(ti)s/  turn  (leg.  potest 
istum)  <istum>  autem  qui  omnibus,  preualet. 
solum  plumbum  <dominari>.  potest.  et  hec  est. 
plumbi  potentia/  tollis  plumbu/w  femininum.  fac- 
ile/w.  et  mollem.  et  solbis.  jnloco.  et  iactas.  ibi./ 
ipsum  adamantem  parera  quam  uolueri  sup(ti)liare. 
et  lento,  igni  suscendi(s).  plumbum  et  dum  ceperit. 
sub  (702  C)  pitliare  continue,  cum  mordace.  tolle 


56  A  Classical  Technology 

et  insapone/  exoleo.  operies  et  posthec  tollis  leniter. 
mundissime.  eoquod  sit.  debilis.  est/  enim  fracilis 
plusquam  plumbum,  eoquod  salbatur.  inipsa  plum- 
bum./ et  deinde.  tolle  illud.  deipsos  sapones.  quan- 
tum uolueris.  subtilia  (re)./  et  post  mitte  jnigne 
diligemter.  [et  candet],  per  horas.  duas.  uel  tres./ 
donee  candet.  uti  (702  D)  liter,  deinde  tolle.  dela- 
bas.  et  exiet.  adamans.  cui/  ignis,  non  dominatur 
nee  ferrum  dissipatur.  laboras  non  <re>  corda 
<n>tur  proquod/  omnia.  immita(r)e  que  uolueris. 
operare. 

DE  CONQUILIUM./ 

Conquilium.  nascitur.  in  omne  ma(r)e  (702  E) 
plus  quamjnin(s)ula.  jnhis  lacis./  conculam.  habet. 
jnse  locum,  sanguinis  et  sanguis.  rabeus.  porfiri/  zon- 
tas.  exquo  porfira.  tinguitur  colligitur.  autem.  sic 
tolle.  conquiliu/H/  quoquia  (corr.  ex-pis)  ipsum 
sanguinew.  cum  carnibwj  et  tolle  moria/n.  de  mare, 
aut/  salis  mori[t]<e>  et  conponis.  inuas.  et  dimit- 
tis.  (703  A). 

DE  TI<N>CTIO  PORFIRE/ 

Ti<n>ctio.  porfire.  tolle  alumen.  alexandrinum. 
et  te(r[r])es  utiliter  et  pone/  jngabata  et  mittis. 
super  calda<ria>m.  bullientem  et  pmnoue  diutius. 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  57 

Et/  dimitte.  residere.  et  posthec  cola,  ipsam.  calda 
<ria>m.  Et.  exagi[n]ta[t]./  mitte  ibi.  quod  habes. 
[(s)]tingue(re)  et  quod  per < ex > let.  di  (703 

B)  mitte.  duosdies./  et  post  dies  duos  commobe.  et 
fac  quod  iosususu. 

DE  DIFERENTIA./  EXAURATIONIS. 

Differentia.  Exaurationis.  Si<t>inligno  gum- 
ma./  a[g]migdale  [jnjinfusa  die  una.  deinde  te- 
(r)es.  u(ti)  liter,  ipsam  cummara.  cum  aqua.  (703 

C)  et  addito.  grogum.  quod  sufficit  tingue  ipsam 
aquam./ 

Fol.  226  V°. 

Cumgumam.  Et  ex<te>pefacta.  omnia:  lento 
igni.  ut  necesse  fuerit./  opera  ri<t>.  inligno. 
j<n>prwnnis.  uel  inparietibwf.  tollis  albumen,  obi 
subtile/  et  addito  gracum.  quod  sufEcit  tingue  et 
commixta  et  teritarum  (leg.  re)  ponis.  jnuaso  uitreo. 
line  leo<n>.  -f-  i.  gumma  jnfusa  -f-  i.  grogum/ 
quod  sufficit.  com  (703  D)  misce  [t].  cum  aqua, 
dequoque  ista.  tria  capitula./  ubi  necesse  [t]  est. 
jnexauratione.  petalarwra  operare. 

De  conpo/  sitio  linei<leon>. 

Conpositio  line  li  eum.  liber,  ii.  gumma.  ~ 
resina./  suppini  —•  omwfa.  trita  dequoquam.  jnuaso 
terre.  (703  E). 


58  A  Classical  Technology 

DE  LINELEO<N>/ 

Lineleon.  [exauratione] .  lineleon.  liber  ii.  gum- 
ma  -~-  resina./  -f-  i.  grocu.  solidus.  ii.  ista  trita. 
et  commisce  quemadmodum./  superius.  (704  A). 

De  operatic  externitu(re). 

Operatic,  externiture/  exaurationis  (s)i  super 
pelle  cruda.  jmmobilem  tinctam.  aut  expsi/  mitthin 
[mittis]  aut  exaliquo.  quolor<e>.  externitu(m 
corr.  ex  r)  <erit>ista  griso/  petala.  reponuntur. 
et  post,  desiccationem.  de  sup^r  lineleon./  perungue. 
ex<com>positione.  quod  supe  (704  B)  rius  docui- 
mus.  ubi  grocum./  componi.  diximus. 

DE  INDUCTIO  EXORATIONIS/ 

Inductio  exorationis.  petala  fiant.  destagno  [fiant 
aut]  si<c>  solbe/  bene  ipsud.  stagnum.  effundes. 
paulatim  marmo(re).  et  facie(s)/  petala.  subtilia. 
sicuti.  exuitro.  et  (704  C)  ponis.  (s)icut.  crisa. 
petala.  ut/  supra  docuimus  et  quoqwes  erba  cele- 
donia.  et  exipsa.  coctione/w/  colatam  mitti  -f-  iii. 
crocum  solidi  iii.  auripicmentum.  solidus  i./ 

DE  CRISOCOLLON. 

Criscocollon.    jnomnia.    calcume    cecuame   (704 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  59 

D)-non  -f-  i./  sapone  olei  solidi  iii.  calcitarium.  sol- 
idus  i.  ista  cowmisce.  primum./  ter[r]es.  calcue[t] 
cumenon.  utiliter.  pulber.  et  ca<l>citarium/  simu- 
tim  et  comisce[m].  cum  saponem.  et  quantum, 
necesse  fue(r)it./  aqua  ips  (a  corr.  ex  u)  m.  criso. 
collon. 

DE  ALIA  CRISO.  COLLON./  (704  E). 

Alia  crisocollon.  calcucec  (a  corr.  ex  u) 
(u)  menum.  libra  i.  alumen.  soliWt  ii. 

DE  criso/  collon  [aurum]. 

Crisocollo.  aurum  commixtum.  cum  argentum./ 
bibo.  et  posthec  jntrat  jn  caliclo.  donee  ardetur 
ipsud  argentu/H./  bibum.  et  post  tolle.  aurum.  et 
te(rr)es.  jnmortario  munditer./  donee  fiant.  puluis. 
et  (705 A)  <co>misce  [t],  illud.  Cum  saponew. 
exoleoquan<tum>/sufficit.  <ad>  coctio<nem> 
crisocolli. 

DEARGENTICLUTEN. 

Argenti  gluten/  [argenteo].  argenti  partes.  duas. 
et  heramen  partem  unaw./ 

DE  ALIA  ARGENTI  CLUTE<N> 

Alia  argenti  gluten,  argento  mixto/  cum  argento 
uibo.  et  ponis.  jnignem  donee,  desiccetur. 


60  A  Classical  Technology 

Fol.  227  R°. 

Ipsud  argento.  uibo.  et  posthec  te(r)es  utiliter. 
donee  fiat  pulujs./  commisce  cumsapones.  et  aquas 
quod  sufficit. 

DE  ERAMENTI  GLUTEN/ 

Aeramenti  glutem  aeramen.  liber.  (705  C)  i. 
plumbi  libre.  ii.  comisce(s)  solbi(s)/  primum.  aer- 
amen. deinde  mittes  plumbum,  et  comisces.  jnunum./ 

DE  STAGNI  GLUTTEN. 

Stagni  gluten,  stagni  parte(s)  duas  et  plum/  bi 
(ras.)  unaw.  (705  D). 

DE  PETRE  GLUTTEN. 

Pet(r)e  glutten.  marmoris.  albe/  aridum.  pu[l]- 
ber  et.  tolles,  hictiocollonf  -f-  i.  tauro  collon.  -f- 
i.  et  mit/  tis.  cum  aqua,  cummixta.  coquis  dum 
bullierit.  mittis  pulber./  marmo(r)is.  et  facis  gluten 
[s]  ma(r)mo(r)is.  (705  E). 

DE  PETRE  GLUTTEN/  (706  A) 

Petres  cluten  h(ras.)  in(ti)collo.  -r-  ii.  Casei 
glute.  H-.  et  mitte/  exipso  pulbe(re)  marmoris  sicut 
supe(r)ius. 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  61 

DE  LIGNI  GLUTTEN/ 

Ligni  autem  gluten  taurocollon.  simotim.  ictio- 
collon  [simotim]/  glutem  aurum.  autem  et  argen- 
tum.  sicut  superius  d(ras.)  ocuimus.  jnexa/  ura- 


DE  GLUTINATIO<LIGNORUM  IN 
AQUA>.  (706  B). 

Glutinatio  <de>lingna  jnaqua.  ictio.  collon.  -7- 
i./  tauron.  collon.  -f-  i.  lacte  fici[t]  -r-  i.  titimalli. 
lac.  -r-  ista  misce/  jnaqua.  decoqz/£<istud>  est 
gluten  ad  scalphita.  ligna.  si  lignum,  jnlignum/ 
unum.  extribus.  supra  dictis  si  autem.  os(s)a  jnligni 
(s)  casei.  gluten  [t]./  -r-  i.  commixtum.  cum.  ictio- 
collon  -7-  ii.  et  mittis.  decoqwes  jnunum/  et  glu.ten 
calidum  calefacis.  modicum.  <et>  ipsa  ossa[et] 
inclutinas./  (706  C). 

DE  LAPIS  OREBt/S/ 

Lapis  orcbus  quern  uocant  alexandrini./  cathmia. 
nascitur.  jnumidis  locis.  est  autem.  facilis.  adpi/ 
sandum.  est  enim.  niger.  ingreditur.  insolidatura. 
argenti./  (706  D). 

Delapis  aeri(e)tis. 
Quemuocant  [ur],  leo  Co[n]  pandium/  est  enim. 


62  A  Classical  Technology 

terra,  prasina.  jnqua  nascitur.  crescente/w  autem. 
terra  et  refloriens  (leg.-te)  florent[es].  florem.  al- 
bum. rotu(ras.)nd«m/  quadro  agutum.  posthec 
<con>  sgringit  et  fiet  lapis  flo(r)entem./  flo(re) 
const (r)ingit.  ter  (706  E)  ra.  ipsa.  prasina.  et  fient. 
petre.  alie./  auri.  colores.  <alie>  melini.  alie.  pan- 
dii.  alie  candidi[t].  que  dum.  pm:ussi[t].  fuerint. 
exiet.  ignis,  exipsis.  egredietur.  argen/tum.  uibum. 
apri(ras.)  le  mens.e  etmagio.  excaliscente[t]. 
te(rr)a./  habundanter.  flore.  cabas,  humidum.  lu- 
cum.  useque/  adgenucalum.  et  dissaperies.  terram 
inuenies./  flores.  ueteres.  duratos  et  aderent/ 

Fol.  227  V°. 

es  terre  factos.  lapides.  alie  enim  florierant.  et 
induraue  (707  A)  runt./  et  terre  non(ras.)  adese- 
runt.  sed  reman,  se  ( ras. )  runt,  ut  margaritas/  eo 
quod  non  coniu(n)xerunt.  tempus.  alia  flore<t> 
conpetenti.  tern/  pore  sicut  nibe.  alba,  quam  cum 
inuener  [it],  is  <is>  tarn  alleba[t]  (ras.)  cum/ 
banga.  terra,  cumfloribwj.  et  mittis.  inpila  marmorea 
et  dum/  inpleueris.  mittis.  aquam.  et  co(n)misce 
bene  et  te(r)ra  que  inea  est/  jacta  foris.  et  remane 
(707  B)  (re),  argentumuiuum  (ras.)  exiet.  autem. 
et  de/  metallo.  argenti  quando  jnquoad  incende(re) 
precurit.  et  colligent/  illud.  artifices. 

DELAPIS  FUMICE 

Lapis  fumice.  nascitur.  inu/  niuersis.  locis.  tritus. 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  63 

increditur.  incappo  nouo  (707  C)et  mittitur 
jnfo(r)nace  figuli.  et  coquitur  bene.  cooperi  turn, 
hutiliter.  ut  non  ingrediatu(r)/  aliqua  immumditia. 
posthec  eicitur  et  teritur.  hutiliter.  et  inco<m>/ 
positione  auri.  pro  gemmam  [en],  ingreditur.  jntem- 
peratiorwm  i.  e.-nem)  decalam<inth>a./ 

DE  CONPOSITIONE  AURIPICMENTI 

Compositio.  auri[c]  picmenti/  triti.  mundi.  (707 
D)  argenti  uibi.  H-  i.  auro  tremmisse  -T-.  aurt/m 
autem  battis/  et  fades  petalum.  et  mittis  ipsa  peta- 
lam.  et  ipsum  argentum.  uibum/  jnerulla  ferrea. 
et  incendis.  donee  solbatur.  aurwm.  et  com- 
miscuatur./  tur.  cum  argento  uibum.  et  post  mittis. 
auri[c]picmentum.  jnipsa./  erulla.  modicum,  et 
commixtionem.  argenti  uibi.  et  (707  E)  decoqwes. 
bene  et  exa/  gi[n]ta.  donee  fiat,  pandius. 

DE  CALCU  CECAUMENUM./ 

Calcuce  caumenum.  fiet.  exaeramen.  mundissimum 
petala.  munda./  mittis.  incaccabum.  jnusitatum. 
ipsa  petala.  et  sulfor.  uibum/  tritum.  sterni  primum. 
ipsa/  petala.  jncaccabum  quantum,  capet./  et  post, 
hec  aspargis.  sulfor  et  post  super  (708  A)  pone 
petala.  et  [de]  inde.  aspargis.  sulfo(r)  et  postea 
super  pone  petala.]  et  ita.  facis/  donee  jmpleas.  ipsum 


64  A  Classical  Technology 

caccabum.  et  post(ras.)  pone  jpsum.  caccabum/ 
infornace  uitrari<i>.  coque  per  dies.  iiii.  et  dum 
(re)fricdauerit.  confrin/  ges.  cumminute  alumen. 
asianum.  secundum  compositionem./  sulforis.  simul. 
cooperietur.  jpse  caccabum.  et  letatur.  cum/  argilla. 
se<cun>dum  opera  (708  A)  tionem.  p(r)ioris. 
et  coquitur.  per  dies  vi.  jpse/  autem.  dum  cumfrin- 
gatur.  solbe.  calcuce.  caumenu/ 

[AD  CLUTTAN  AUREAM]  DELET 
[A]  RUM. 

Ele<c>t[a]rum.  comodo/  fiet.  pone(s)  dua(s) 
partes.  argenti  et  eramenti.  iii.  et  auri/  iii.  aur«m 
et  eraman.  equi[bu]s  <ponderibus>.  (708  C). 

DE  CLUTE<N>  AURI./ 

Clutem  auri.  adfistulas.  decrisoclabum./ 

Fol.  228  R°. 

[e]tarici.  -f-  i.  calcu  (ras.)  cetaumenum.  —  ii. 
afronitrum.  -f-  i./  sapone  exoleo  sine  calce  -=-  i. 
uitriolum.  solidi  ii.  acetu  dimidio  -r-/  aqua,  -f-/  i. 
et  commisce  et  pone  modicum.  <dum>  tepidis  gat 
glut<en>.  [ade  griso.  clabi]/  (708  D). 

DE  LIT[T]ARGIRUM. 

Lit[t]argiri  conpositio  aliut  quidem  explumbum./ 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  65 

aliut  exargento.  compositionem.  quern  explumbo. 
fiet.  sic  componis./  plumbum,  inponis.  jncaccabo. 
potius  femininum.  et  molle.  et  soluis/  illud.  bene 
deinde  cum  solutu  (ras.)(s)  fuerit.  (708  E)  cum- 
pistillo  ligneo  friga/  plumbum  et  incensetur.  mittis 
cinus  cum.  carbonibws.  uiuis.  [h]ac/  teres.  et  iterum 
mittis  cinus.  et  non  desinas.  terendo  quo  [d]  ad/ 
usqtte  facias,  eum.  ut  pulue(re)m.  et  post  labas.  eum. 
exaqua.  si  autem/  uolueris.  eum.  ut  stringa[n]- 
t<ur>.  et  fia[n]t.  spissus.  mittis.  jncaliclo  cum/ 
oleo.  et  calefactum.  adunatur.  et  dum  refricdaue- 
(r)it.  frangis.  caliclu(s)./  et  exiet.  ut  pisus.  (709 
A). 

DEALIO  COMPISI<TIO>  LITARGI<R> 
I. 

Alia  compositio  lit[t]a(r)/  giri.  exargen  (ras.) 
to  fiet.  sic  confla  ( [turn]  argento.  et  ilia  sorditie 
que/  exeo.  exiit.  trita.  cumoleo.  jntra  secundum. 
superio(r)i.  conpositiotie./  plus  autem.  jncendit. 
proper,  fortitudinem.  argenti  plumbi.  autem.  litar- 
giron./  an  (709  B)  tequam  solidetur.  intrat.  cum- 
aqua.  inuituminatione.  testea.  dum/  autem  a<s> 
tri(n)xerit.  ubi  uoluerit.  (leg.  bollierit)  necessar- 
ium  erit.  (deest  aliquid). 

DE[C]EMCAUSIS/ 
[C]encausi.  prima.  argenti  et  eramenti  aspri  calci. 


66  A  Classical  Technology 

battis  aurwm/  et  facis  petalo<s>.  subtiles.  [tenues]. 
et  post  mittis.  31(709  C)gentum  uibum  et  ipsa 
petala.  solbes  donee  solbatur.  ipsut  aurum.  si  autem./ 
minuetur.  argentum.  uibum.  a(d)dis  donee  coquatur. 
aun/m/  deinde  mittis.  jntestum  et  cumalio  testum. 
testu/  ter[r]es.  usque  quo[d]ad  tenuetur.  et  com- 
miscatur./  aurwm.  cumargento  uibo.  et  rade[ba]s. 
quod  habes  jnaurare.  perungues/  modicum,  excale- 
faci(a  corr.  ex  i)s.  et  exprimis.  cumlin — (709  D) 
teolo  mundo.  sic  totum./  exterges.  quod  aurum  re- 
manet  mittis.  inignem  probas.  similiter./  et  una  et 
duas.  jnaurationes.  inuas  nouum  mittis.  si  aute. 
lebi-/ter.  semel.  unctum  est.  [et]  defricas.  cumferro. 
cande(n)s  ilium/  et  coloratur.  deinde.  micas,  panis. 
defricad  illud  donee/  elimpida<tur>.  colorem 
similis  est.  et  inauratio  ferri/  sed  prim  wm.  alumina — 
(709  E)  tur.  tolles.  parte  (m  corr.  ex  s)./  bitrio- 
l(u  corr.  ex  a)m.  et  modicum,  sal  et  ace/  turn,  [tarn 
mum)]  jncaliclum./  calefac  et  exinde./ 

Fol.  228  V°. 

ungues.  ferrum.  ubi  habes.  jnaurare.  hec  est 
jnauratio  prima.  qui/  autem  uitrum.  inaurat.  tolle 
pa<r>tem.  de  cluta.  piscis.  et  partem  de  gum/  ma. 
amigdole.  et  [mittis].  infunde.  et  coque  et  ungues. 
ipsum.  uas./  et  concide.  subtiliter.  petala  (a  corr. 
ex  u)  uri.  pone,  secundum.  similitudinem/  (710  A) 
qt/oduis  facere.  similiter.  et  lapidem.  labas.  cumaquas 
similiter/  et  lignum,  et  dum  siccabe(r)it.  gluttina- 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  67 

[tio].   cum   a[c]mattita.    [lapide]/   aut   cumferro. 
defrica. 

DE  CRISOGRAPHIA. 

Crisografia./  expetalis.  croco  uetrissimo  tolles. 
radices,  deipso  flore[s]./  et  ter(7io  B)res.  diutius. 
tolles.  obum.  et  aperies  proice  primum.  sequtfwti/ 
qwod  exiet.  albumen,  suscipe  inipso.  crocum.  et  tc- 
(r)es  utiliter./  ungue.  et  superpone.  petala. 

DE  TERTIA  GRISOGRAFIA/ 

Tertia  crisografia.  tolle  argentum  uibum.  cum- 
misce[m]  cum/  aurum  sit.  inter  (710  C)  rationem 
et  teres  bene  mittis  incaliclo.  et  pones./  Jnprimis 
(leg.  in  prunis).  donee  dissicetur.  ipsum.  argen- 
tum. et  remane  (a  corr.  ex  t)/  auru.  jnualidum.  et 
deinde  mittis.  jnmortario.  marmo(r)eo/  etcumpis- 
tillo  ferreo.  teres  ipsud  auro.  et  mittes.  inaqua/ 
decoqua[n]<ur>  similiter.  'mittis.  jncomposi- 
tionem  ipsa.  aquara.  de  gum/  mam  teres.  utiliter.  et 
pones,  jnampullam.  (710  D)  et  suspende  adsole/ 
ubi  uolueris.  cumipso  calamo.  cumquo  scribere 
[scribe  quod],  uolueris.  similiter.  argentum.  et  era- 
mentumcumponis. 

DE  TI<n>TIO.  PETA/LORUM. 
Tinctio  petalorum.  stagnu.  tolle.  crocum.  mun- 


68  A  Classical  Technology 

dum./  -f-  i.  auri[c]  pigment  (i  corr.  ex  u)  boni. 
(710  E)  fessi.  -=-  ii.  et  teres.  mitens/  gumma  di- 
midia.  -f-  et  lineleon.  -f-  dimidia.  et  aqua/  plubia- 
(ras.)  le.  aut  dulce  comisce.  et  bulliantur.  et  pos/ 
commisce  (c  corr.  ex  f)  infectiones.  teres.  bene.  et 
tolle  cumspu<n>gia./  unge  ipsa.  petala.  et  dum 
desiccauerit.  secundo  unge  et  desiccata/  tolle.  uni- 
cinum.  et  deinde  frica.  ut  splendea<t>.  (711  A). 

DE  SULFOR  [COMODO]/ 

Quomodo.  sulfor.  quoquitur.  coque[n].  lardum. 
et  exipso.  oleo/  tolle  liber,  ii.  et  sulforis  terram. 
libre.  iiii.  mittis.  incac/  cabo  (ras.).  trita  ipsam 
terram.  et  bullies,  secundo/  uel.  iii.  fundis  latere./ 
(7ii  B). 

Fol.  229  R°. 

DE  CATMIA. 

Cathmia.  compositio.  sic  eramen  mundum.  libra 
i.  calcitarin./  ~-  ii.  afro  nit<r>o  -r-  i.  sulfur,  -f- 
i.  hec  mittis  incalic(l)o  et  soluentur  inunum/  et  co- 
quentur  donee,  conburatur.  ipsut  eramen.  et  cal- 
<c>itarin.  et  lauantu(r)./  ea  que  remanent.  cath- 
mia  quignus  eramen.  partem  una/w.  (711  C)  et 
plumbi./  parte.  i.  tripsis  nitri  -r-  i.  clacitarin.  ~  i. 
afronitrum  -r-  i.  comixta[m]./  et  combusta.  com- 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  69 

misce[t]  cumaceto  (ras.)  et  reponis.  adsolem.  et 
sicca[t]./  tres.  amfions.  fiet  sic  tolles.  plumbum, 
molle.  et  solbe[t].  inuaso/test<e>o.  forte,  et  fna- 
iorem.  ut  sufferat.  tritura.  tolles.  pistillum./  et  mit- 
tis.  carbones.  cumcinos.  supraplumbum.  priusquam. 
re[c]/fricde<t>.  (711  D)  pmnobes.  illud.  cum- 
pestillo.  leniter.  et  bene.  donee.  adtenue<tur>/ 
subtilis.  ipsum  plumbu  inmittis.  cinos.  cumcarboni- 
bus  et  teres/.  posthec  mittis.  ingabata.  lignea.  et 
delabas.  posthec  componis./  incaccabo.  nouo  cum- 
sulfur.  et  decoques.  per  iii  <dies>. 

DE  COMPOSITIO/  AFRONITRI/   (711   E) 

Compositio.  afronieri.  secunda  que  et  qwmtur.  a 
gluete/  auri.  et  argenti.  uel  eramenti.  nitro.  egiptium 
libra  i.  sapone  deaxungia/  sinecalce  libra  i.  teres 
hutiliter.  et  commisce.  deinde  autem.  adsolem/  ponis. 
aut  incalido  loco,  hutileest.  aglutem  auri.  adargen- 
tum.  autem/  propter  mollitiam  argenti.  Componi- 
tur  <sic>  [molliat]  duas  partes  desapones)/  et  una 
deuitro.  (712  A). 

De  Compwiffo  brandisii. 

Compositio  brandisii./  Eramen  partes  ii.  plurnbi. 
parte  i.  stagni  parte.  i. 

Dealia.  compositio/  brandis.  ii. 
Alia  compositio.  brandisii.  Eramen.  par  (712  B) 


70  A  Classical  Technology 

tes  ii./  plumbi.  partem.  i.  uitri.  dimidium  Et  stagni 
dimidium.  commisces./  et  conflas.  fundis.  secu<n>- 
dum.  mensuram.  uasorum.  facit.  Et  agluten/ 
Eramenti  Cumafrinitru. 

DE  CUMPOS/77O  CINNABARI  (M  corr. 
exN)/  Compositio.  cinnabarim.  alithinus.  [mundi] 
spume,  exargenti  uibi./  et  sulforis  uibi.  partes  ii. 
Et  ipsa  mim/  dissimam.  tolle.  ampullam.  <sul> 
for<is>.  et  sinefumz/m.  quia  et  colorem/  sulfor 
<facit>  tritum  et  mixtum.  argentum.  uibum.  mit- 
xtis.  jnampullam/  non  plena  minus,  abentem  -f-  ii. 
quod  si  maior.  est.  et  iii.  -f-  minus./  habeat  et  mixta. 
exagi[n]ta.  et  fa  cies.  fornacem  mi  (712  D)  no- 
rem./  uitriari<i>.  ut  ampulla,  larga  <sit>  et 
capiat.  et  dimittis.  <in>  locum,  unde./  ampullam. 
ingrediatu.r.  et  diuides.  cannas.  et  inde  (ras.)  in- 
cendis./  fornacem.  dimittis.  et  aliam  fe(ras.)nes- 
trellam.  minorem/  unde.  exalet.  flamam  jncircuitu. 
signum.  autem  coctionis./  hoc  est.  dum  uideris.  ubi 
ambulla.  minus  habet  porfiri/ 

Fol.  229  V°. 

zon.  tarn  fumum.  et  colore.  facientem  ut  cinaba — 
(712  E)  rim.  desinis  succe<n>de/  re.  nam.  ex- 
multo.  jncendio.  ampulla,  crepat.  et  dum  percoctum. 
fuerit/  dimittes  eum  refricdare. 

DE  IARIM  QUOMODO  DEBEAT.  FACERE/ 
Quomodo.  debeat.   iarim.   facere.  tolles.  lamnas. 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  71 

eramenti.  et  derade/  bene.  et  suspende.  super  acetum. 
et  colectionem  quam  facit.  rades./  et  collige  [DE 
LULAX  Lulax  idest  indicum]/  (713  A)  com- 
positio  iarim  -i-  ii./  uitrioli.  mundi.  -j-  iiii.  alumen 
egyptium  -7-  ii.  uuato  -f-  ii.  ipsum  autem/  uuato. 
simoti  pisa.  munditer.  iarim  uero.  et  uitriolo.  et 
alumen.  <mittes>/  inunum.  et  tolles  saponem. 
exoleas  <-^>  iii  (713  B)  et  sale  dimidw  -f-  et 
con/  misces.  jnipsas.  iii.  species,  postquod  pisa- 
<ta>s  commisce[t].  dili/  genter.  secundo.  cum- 
sapone.  et  deinde.  tolle,  uua.  tu  pisa  eum/  ut  oportet 
commisce(re)  [t].  ipsu  Cum  supradictis.  specie- 
bus  et/  defricas  diligenter.  et  dimittis  diligenter. 
diem.  i.  requiesce/  (re)  [t]  (ras.)  . 

Confectio  eris  hec  est.  hurinam.  mu.ndaw.  libra 
i.  requiesce/  re  et  ipsum  (i.  e.-sam).  dispu-(7i3  C) 
mata.  [et]  commisce  cumipsas.  species  et  te/res. 
diutius.  [et]  si  est.  caccabz/j  ferreus.  si  non.  jntesteo 
mittis/  et  decoques.  [Signum  coctionis.]  donee 
ueniat.  ad  iii.  partem/  et  tolle  gypsum,  coctum.  bene 
pisatum  mittis.  dimundia  -f-  et  tolle/  coctionem. 
comisce.  gipsum.  et  defrica.  diu[c]tius.  et  mittis./ 
jnuaso.  et  ponis.  adsolem.  et  dum  extri<n>xerit 
frangi  spetia./  et  ponis  (ras.)  ilia  siccare.  (713  D). 

DE  CONFECTIO  FICARIM./ 

Confectio  ficarim.  tolles.  laca  mundissima.  libra. 


72  A  Classical  Technology 

i.  et  de/  coque  cumhurina.  expumata.  libre  v  Etde- 
coqw*?s  mundite(r)/  non  dimittas.  supra  modum. 
bullire.  et  tolle  ossa.  cranci./  munda.  et  (713  E) 
incende  munditer.  et  te(r)es.  quod  sufficit.  com- 
misceft].  inlaco.  et  tolle.  similja.  jnfusa  inaqua. 
deliqua/  bene.  pinguis.  autem.  sit  ilia,  deliquatio  et 
pisa.  inunum./  bene.  idest.  ossa  granci  et  lacca.  et 
[ipsa  deliquatio./  simile  et  comisce].  mittis  inuaso. 
et  desiccas.  adsolera/  hutiliter.  ficarim./  (714  A). 

Fol.  230  R°. 

Et  dimitte  alios.  iii.  dies,  et  posthec.  exagi[n]ta. 
similiter.  et  dimitte/  alios.  viii.  dies  et  exagita. 
deinfra  diem,  et  posthec  tolle  inde.  et  mitte/ 
aliut  alumen.  et  facis  exinde.  aliam  tinctionem.  et 
mitte  ibi.  et  post/  tolle  ipsam  urina.  expumatam. 
semel.  et  (714  B)  pos[e]hec  mitte.  jncaccabo./ 
ereo  et  tolle.  ipsum  conquilium.  et  laba.  leuiter. 
semeljnaqua./  et  posthecteres  hutilite(r).  pone  jn- 
panno  ra(r)o  <e>t  delaba  jnipsa  urina./  caccabi. 
et  post.  hec.  de  sa<n>guine  porcino  et  inde  frica. 
et  ipsum/  bene  (s)imiiiter  laua.  sa<n>guinem. 
autem.  porcinum.  [gri]  aridu/rz  libra,  conquilius/ 
-f-  iii.  [de  sanguinem  porci].  Et  (714  C)  posthec 
labas.  semel  modi.  Cum  et/  desicca  mitte  incaccabo. 
et  fac  bollire  secwwdo  et  te(re)e.  [caccabi].  sub/ 
code;??  modo  liber,  coquilii.  cumsanguine.  idest.  viii. 
-7-  conquilii/  et  iii.  sangu(i)ni<s>  porcini. 


From  Codex  Luccnsis,  490  73 

[DE  HOXSI  PORTIONES./ 

Oxi  portiones.]  et  mitte  jnunum.  (714  D)  mitte 
jneadem.  tinction*r;H/quoquod  uolueris.  tantum  exa- 
lumen.  si  autew.  uolueris  plus  mundit(er)  tingue- 
(re)  mitte  <in>unum.  caccabum.  sicut  primum. 
fiet  eniw  et  tertia  tinctio/  eodem  modo. 

DE  PORFIRO  CITRINO. 

Porfiro  cidrino  prius  autem.  tingit  (714  E)  citri- 
no.  et  posthec  jntrat.  intinctionew.  ubi  tingitur  por- 
fir  (us)  [us]./ 

DE  CRISORANTISTA. 

Crisorantista  crisorcatarios.  [s]ana.  me<mi>/ 
gminos.  meta  ydr[os].  argiros.  [et]  chetes.  cinion 
[chetis.]  chete./  [y]  spureorum.  [i]psi<mi>cion. 
ydr[os.]  argyros.  che[t]matha.  aut  a<na>baleti 
(s)./  sceugna(s)ias.  d  (a  corr.  ex  u)  u(f)fira.  [h] 
ecnamix(s)  an<tes>.  (715  A)  chisimon.  p.  diati. 
te(h)reu/  pulea  sibuli. 

DE  A<U>RI  SPARSIO. 

A<u.>ri  sparsio  crisopandio./  puluer.  auri  triti. 
sicut  superius  diximus.  Cum  desicatione/  argenti 


74  ^  Classical  Technology 

uibi  [jdest  pulper  auri]  partes  duas.  et  iarim.  partem 
i./  (ras.)  commisce  turn  (leg.  cum)  compositione 
(715  B)  daufira  Etidispone  exinde/  quod  uolueris. 

ARGIROSANTISTA. 

Argirosantista.  argentura./  mundum.  commisce 
cumargento.  uibo.  et  deinde.  tolle  ipsum/  argentum. 
et  te(r)es.  donee  fiat,  puluis.  et  commisce  turn.  (leg. 
cum)  cumpo/  sitione  (715  C)  da  aufira.  et  dispone. 
ubi  uolueris. 

DE  ALIA  ARGENTIS/  PARSIO. 

Alia  argenti  sparsio.  paridio.  tolle  argentum  mun- 
dum/ mitte.  jncaliclo.  et  depone,  inigne  donee  de- 
<i>citur.  argento  uibura./  et  post.  (715  D)  tolls 
argenti  partes  ii.  et  iarim.  partem.  i.  et  com/  misce 
excompositions.  deaufira.  et  dispone./ 

DE  PETRA  QUI  DICI<TUR>  SMIRA/. 

PETRA  qui  dicitur./ 

Fol.  230  V°. 

Smira.  jncende.  omnem  uitrum.     (715  E). 

DE  TERRA  QUE  UOCATUR.  LIMNIA. 
Terra  qui  uocatur.  limnia.  que  est  alba,  subpor/ 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  75 

f(ras.)im.  nascitur.  inpetrossis  locis.  et  his  signis. 
cognoscis/  earn.  Cum  infusa  fuerit  sonumda  stridoris. 
alumen  uero./  uiridem  et  porfiruw.  omn^  tingue  et 
craberillium.  et  (h)u(n  corr.  ex  c)  cinuw/. 

terra  nigra. 

Autem./  Jn<e>gyptu  etafrica.  et  (716  A)  ine- 
bilat  et  initalia.  nascitur.  nomis  (leg.  nominatur) 
autem  Eoqwod  est  fusca.  nascitwr.  jnhu/  midis.  lo- 
cis. jnuallibwj.  exea.  tinguitur.  russeum  com  mixta/ 
cumaceto.  cocta.  rede  colorem.  et  posthec  reberfa]- 
titur.  jncoc/  cum. 

de  lapis,  focaria. 

Lapis  que  dicitur.  focaria.  exqua/  (716  B)  eramen 
[co]  quoquitur.  nascitur.  emim.  et  alius.  similis/ 
unum  dum  p^rcutitur.  mitti.  s<c>intillas.  raras. 
est.  et  rubeu(s)./  et  igneus.  colorem  habens  eramen- 
ti.  et  dum  <in>igne.  missus/  fuerit  ut  probetur 
jncenditur.  et  colorem.  non  muta/  tur.  colle-(c  corr. 
ex  t).  turn  autem.  et  contritum  minutatim.  Et/  col- 
lecta  massa.  et  cum  letamen.  uobinum.  aut.  capri- 
num/  et  palea.  coopertum.  jncen  (716  C)  dis.  per 
dies.  ii.  et  noctes  ii./  donee  consumetur.  ipsu  letamen 
jnfornace.  autem/  ipsud  possis.  coquere.  eteramen. 
et  plumbum,  et  post/  quodre  fricdaberit.  colligitur. 
ipse  lapis,  qui  iam  coctus/  est.  et  prima.  pensi<o> 


76  A   Classical  Technology 

nem.  pensas.  libr*  ccc.  jnprima/  coctura.  jnqua  minu- 
tis.  carbonem.  cofinos.  x.  Et  <ini>cito/  fasces 
detela.  et  dum  ingre(s)si  fueris  (leg.-int?),  jnope/ra 
[et  incera].  omnia.  dimittis.  stare,  et  re[c]fricda 
(re)/  ut  non  cur (r) at.  sicut  plumbum  aut  ferrwm 
aut  cera  metallata./  Eoquod  piger.  fiat.  Et  dum  se. 
re[c]fricdaberit  Comminues/  minutatim.  et  incor- 
nacem.  conflat  (u  corr.  ex  a)  m.  operaris.  exeo./ 
(7i6  E). 

DE  LAPIS  FISSOS 

Lapis  fissus  nascitur  jncappa/  docia.  asia.  iberia. 
et  initalia.  est  enim  fuscos  etfur/  tis.  et  dum  cora- 
minutus  fueri<t>.  inuenies  jneum.  uenas./  albas, 
dum  uero.  incensu(s)  fuerit.  fiet  rubeus.  quern  ale- 
xandrini  uoca<n>t[ur].  cat(h)mia.  eoquod  confla 
uitrww.  nascitur/  autem.  jnaltis  IOCUTW  et  uentosis. 
est  enim  ipse  lapis/  crepidinosz/j.  (717  A). 

DE  LAPIS  AGATIS 

Lapis  gagatis/  similis  coloris.  auri[c]picmenti 
non  enim.  sic  multum/ 

Fol.  231  R°. 

uiridis.  quidwm  ru<m>pitur.  ignem.  e[t]mitti. 
et  finditur  <in>  [lajminimas./  lamnas  pro  quod 
a[d]lexandrini  uocant  eum  petram.  plana.  exqua/ 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  4$0  77 

fiet  ceramarmor.  qui  pisatur.  sub  (717  B)  tiliter.  et 
mittis  \ibram  i.  deipso/  lapide.  et  duas.  tauro.  collo. 
et  aque.  libras  v.  et  bis  et  tertio/  bullie(n)s  adsidue. 
commisce  [n]s.  et  fiet.  ceramarmor./ 

DE  LAPIS  TRACHIAS. 

Lapis  trachias.  nascitur.  in  (ras.)  uniuersi(s)/ 
locis.  uiridis.  fissus.  fuscus.  conbustus.  (717  C)  fiet 
al  (b  corr.  ex  u)  us.  mittitur./  in  caalimia.  inmun- 
datione.  argenti./ 

COMMENTARY 

Comm.l. 

Fol.  211  Vo.,  I.  The  constant  recurrence  of  pro- 
thetic  h  is  a  Spanish  symptom:  likewise  the  use  of 
aforas.  Passing  to  section  III,  the  letters  etertia 
must  conceal  a  designation  for  some  measure  which 
is  easily  supplied,  viz.  sextarta  for  sextarium,  Fr. 
setier.  The  remaining  letters  gestatu  are  a  deforma- 
tion of  yfjs  aoT€po«  t.  e.  terra  stellaris.  As  for  hlei  see 
the  glossary,  and  note  that  the  syllable  far  in  a  cur- 
sive style  will  easily  fall  out  before  por.  The  mean- 
ing and  antiquity  of  these  recipes  are  shown  by  Plin. 
N.  H.  XXXVI  181:  Maltha  e  cake  fit  recenti. 
Glaeba  vino  restingitur,  mox  tunditur  cum  adipe 


\ 

\ 


78  A   Classical  Technology 

suillo  et  fico,  duplici  lenimento;  quae  res  omnium 
tenacissima  et  duritiam  lapidis  antecedens.  Quod 
malthatur  oleo  perfricatur  ante. 

682  C.  For  uitria  read  uitrio  <lo>. 

682  D.  Here,  as  often,  a  series  of  marginal  nota- 
tions in  the  archetype.  As  for  the  de  anthismis 
etc.  that  was  a  bad  probatio  penae  declamatio, 
de  anthismis,  misread  and  then  copied  into  the  text. 

675  C.  For  mira  one  must  read  smira. 

676.  A.  Principalis  seems  to  mean  an  ore  as  source 
for  a  metal. 

676  DE.  A  longer  version  of  the  preceding  re- 
cipe. 

678  D.  For  meditationem  read  medicationem : 
symptom  of  cursive  archetype. 

678  E.  Post  egluza  means  posthec  luza. 

680  C.  The  syllable  quern   fell  out  after  guem 
in  the  archetype. 

68 1  C.  The  syllable  er  in  lulacerin  seems  due  to 
the  analogy  of  cinnabarin,  iarin,  ficarin,  iarin. 

682  E.  Cod  for  quod  seems  to  be  an  Italian  symp- 
tom;  to  be  assigned  to  the  copyist. 

683.  B.  Amodis  for  admodum  shows  a  misunder- 
stood abbreviation  in  the  archetype. 

684  C.  Petreg  for  petres  (gen.)  shows  a  peculiar 
form  of  s. 

685  D.  The  line  at  the  top  of  22O  Vo.  is  a  pro- 
batio pennae. 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  79 

686  D.  extr.   Read   tamarix  arbor  palustris  est. 
Cf.  C.  C.  Gl.  L.  V,  22,  227. 

687  D.  Read  tamarix  arbor  es  palustris. 

678  A.  Perhaps  quod  ex  resinas  colea  is  a  series 
of  blunders  for:  quod  est  crisocollon,  what  chryso- 
coll  is.  If  so,  terras  must  then  be  bracketed. 

687  B.  extr.  Fragmentary  and  doubtful. 

688  D.  Medio  loco  recalls  Fr.  milieu. 

689  C.  With  prinder  compare  O.  Fr.  prindrai. 

689  D.  I  am  unable  to  determine  the  true  mean- 
ing of  this  zumbri,  tiumbri,  which  recurs  A  16,  Cap. 
82.     It  cannot  be  Sp.  azumbre:    perhaps  azufre? 
(K  9252,  ML  8443). 

690  B.  Poteat  is  formed  on  the  analogy  of  debeat. 

691  A.  Adluminentur  seipse:  double  reflexive. 

692  D.  For  pellis  read  polis,  polish. 

694  D.  Frica,  lectio  dubia.  The  scribe  in  his 
inability  to  decipher  the  archetype  vainly  essayed  to 
reproduce  its  writing.  ' 

699  D.  Linies  after  the  analogy  of  cooperies. 

699  E.  Coccarin  formed  like  jarim,  cinnabarin, 
lilacerin,  ficarim,  cedrin. 

701  A.  The  archetype  had  probably  u  with  the 
bar  which  was  misread  uero  for  uer(d),  Low  Latin. 

703  DE.  These  two  sections,  which  are  mere  var- 
iants of  the  same  recipe,  or  rather  constitute  a  ditto- 
graphy,  have  been  combined  in  the  translation. 

705  E.  Petres  reflects  the  Greek  genitive. 


8o  A  Classical  Technology 

706  CED.  This    tangle    of    strange    statements 
seems  due  to  a  confusion  of  two  objects  having  the 
same  name  aetites,  one  a  stone  the  other  a  plant.  (  See 
Th.  L.  L.  Aetites  i  and  2,  Plin.  N.  H.  XXIV  139 
for  the  plant,  a  sort  of  clematis.) 

707  B.  For  precurit  read  praecurrent.  C.    Since 
temperatiorum  must  be  changed  to-ionem.  we  see 
that  somewhere  along  the  line,  there  was  an  arch. 
in  semiuncials,  of  the  Roman  type  of  course. 

709  E.  Cluta  piscis  is  a  translation  of  icthyocol- 
lon. 

711  B.  For  comburatur  read  combinantur  (com- 
bine) ?    Or  combibantur? 

712  C.  Ipsa  must  be  changed  to  pisa. 

713  C.  Dimundia  results  from  misunderstanding 
abbreviated  dimidia. 

714  £-715  B.  Our  translation  is  based  on  the 
following  Greek  text,  very  bad  Greek  we  admit  but 
not  worse   than   the   Latin   elsewhere,   containing, 
again  like  the  Latin,  words  or  even  meanings  not 
otherwise  quotable. 

XpvcropavTicTT^s.  x/owos  /catfaptos  at/a  <  /AC  >  /xiy/Acvo? 
ficra  vSpdpyvpos  KOL  ^curdis  Tainwvxcurai  (TTroyydptwv. 
vSpdpyvpos.  x'taftartn/s  aur'  ava/3d\r)<s  rfj<s 


ftpcoira>A.ta? 

717  A.  For  la  read  in. 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  8 1 

CONCERNING  BUILDING  IN  WATER 

Fol.  21  V°. 

If  building  in  water  be  needed,  cause  a  triangular 
fork  to  be  erected.  If  the  depth  of  the  water  be  not 
great  make  a  box  and  besmear  the  outside  of  it  with 
tallow  and  pitch  to  keep  the  water  from  entering 
it  and  dissolving  the  lime  and  <injuring>  those 
who  are  laboring  inside ;  and  having  set  up  the  box 
between  four  boats  fix  it  in  a  place  where  it  is  neces- 
sary and  anchor  the  boats  immovably  in  the  water. 
And  then  put  on  stones  for  the  carpentering. 

<II>.  The  way  to  mix  lime  is  as  follows.  Sand 
one  part,  and  lime  two :  and  then  work  it.  But  the 
box  should  be  one  ell  above  the  water. 

Ill  CONCERNING  MORTAR.  How  to 
make  mortar. 

You  put  in  lime  one  part,  san4  four  parts,  star 
dust  one  pint,  water  one  quart  and  two  pints,  pig's 
fat  two  pints;  let  the  mixture  rest  one  week,  but 
the  longer  you  leave  it,  the  better  it  will  be.  Keep 
pouring  into  it  according  to  its  needs ;  and  let  it  be 
mixed.  And  then  you  use  it  in  the  work. 

Fol.  217  R°. 

XIX  CONCERNING  THE  COMPOSITION 
OF  CALAMINE 

Composition  of  calamine.    Natural  soda  one  part, 


82  A  Classical  Technology 

sulphur  one  part. 

Another  (681  E)  calamine:  alum  one  part, 
natural  sulphur  one  part,  soda  one  part. 

XX.  Concerning  the  dyeing  of  green  glass.    Dye- 
ing of  green  glass :   Powder  the  glass,  file  well  some 
clean  copper  and   put   in   a   pound   of   glass   three 
(682  A)  ounces  of  copper.    Roast  for  three  days. 

Another  dye;  you  grind  glass  thoroughly,  put  to 
a  pound  of  it  copper  one  ounce,  Egyptian  alum  one 
ounce  and  roast  for  three  days. 

XXI.  Another,  of  milky  color.    Another  of  milky 
color:    to  a  pound  you  put  raw  lead  three  ounces; 
and  you  roast  (682  B)  for  two  days. 

Concerning  bloodred  dyeing:  red  blood  dyeing. 
To  a  pound  you  put  (682  C)  cinnabar,  three  ounces 
and  roast  for  two  days. 

On  ruddy  dye.  To  a  pound  of  glass  grind  white- 
lead  two  ounces ;  and  you  roast  for  two  days. 

CONCERNING  DYE  OF  GENUINE  SORT 

Dye  of  genuine  sort  without  fire.  Grease  a  fine 
spun  dyed  object  with  vitriol  (?)  and  you  smear  it 
with  dragon-wort  unmixed  and  it  will  become  like 
weaker  dyed  madder  of  apple-green  color.  (682  D). 

<Put>  to  a  pound  Thespian  earth  two  ounces 
and  you  roast  it  for  three  days.  To  a  pound  roasted 
copper  two  ounces.  Water  fluid  one  pound,  naphtha 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  83 

one  pound,  native  sulphur  three  pounds,  Asiatic 
pitch  four  pounds,  balsam  two  pounds,  black  asphalt 
three  ounces,  olive  oil  four  ounces,  rosin  four  ounces, 
milk  of  iron  one  ounce:  all  these  mix  and  you  rub 
thoroughly,  you  roast  them  one  hour,  there  will  be  a 
fire  but  in  accordance  with  the  former  strength  but 
less. 

ON  THE  DYEING  OF  ALL  MOSAICS 

(673  E) 

Dyeing  of  all  mosaics;  dyeing  of  green  glass: 
clean  in  the  lump  five  pounds,  copper  filings  without 
lead  two  ounces:  and  put  in  a  new  earth- (674  E) 
enware  jar,  apply  fire  and  roast  away  the  inferior 
parts  in  a  glass  blower's  furnace  for  six  days;  and 
next  throw  it  out  and  break  it  into  small  pieces; 
and  you  melt  it  again  dyeing  it  with  green. 

ON  GILDING  MOSAICS  (675  A) 

On  gilding  all  mosaics.  You  make  some  rather 
thin  sheets,  treating  them  with  white  lead,  then  make 
the  others  and  place  a  copper  sheet  so  that  when 
heated  it  will  not  stick.  Then  put  a  leaf  of  gold 
on  one  of  glass  and  above  these  very  thin  leaves, 
that  is  to  say,  above  the  goldleaf,  and  you  put  both 
in  the  furnace  until  the  glass  leaf  begins  to  dissolve ; 


84  A  Classical  Technology 

(675  B)  and  then  you  throw  it  out  to  cool  off, 
and  take  it,  you  rub  its  face  on  a  leaden  table,  or  one 
of  emery,  until  you  thin  out  its  face:  and  then  you 
color  it. 

ON  SILVER  MOSAIC 

Silver  mosaic:  as  we  have  stated  above,  just  so 
you  will  do  all. 

ON  EMERY  PLATES 

How  to  make  emery  plates.  <Take>  a  plate 
of  lead  (675  C)  and  take  live  emery  and  grind 
thoroughly,  besprinkle  the  whole  plate  and  you  rub 
down  with  glass  till  the  powders  (emery)  attach 
themselves  to  the  plate  then  use  with  water. 

ON  COLORING  <OF  GLASS>  (675  D) 

For  coloring  <of  glass>.  You  will  take  a  plate 
and  scratch  it  deeply  with  a  hook  and  you  will  grind 
suitably  silver  chalk,  sprinkle  the  plate,  and  then 
rub  the  glass  till  it  takes  on  color. 

ON  ROASTING  LEAD  (675  E) 
It  is  a  dark  earth.    It  occurs  everywhere,  in  places 


From  Codex  Luccnsis,  4QO  85 

sunny  and  hot.  The  sign  of  the  locality  is  that  all 
the  herbs  are  weak  and  feeble,  likewise  the  trees, 
the  earth  is  dark,  so  too  the  stone  (ore)  produced 
from  it,  is  dark.  Now  it  (the  earth)  is  hollowed  to 
a  depth  on  account  of  the  broiling  sun.  Next  you 
take  (676  A)  the  metal,  harden  it  and  in  small 
pieces  put  it  in  the  furnace.  This  earth  is  shifting, 
occurs  in  mountainous  places,  in  sunny  and  hot  ones. 
And  do  not  set  it  away,  as  you  do  the  principal 
stone,  because  it  is  changeable  and  weak.  For  cold 
earth  always  makes  metals  weak;  for  warm  earth 
will  make  a  principal  metal  dark  and  clean  and  a 
metal  such  as  to  have  vir-(676  B)  tue  will  be  found 
to  be  dark :  for  the  stone  which  will  be  found  in  it  is 
greenish  because  it  has  a  sunny  and  warm  virtue, 
wherefore  a  hot  metal  lets  off  sparks ;  for  the  metal  is 
found  more  in  damp  places  than  elsewhere. 

ON  MELTING  LEAD 

Lead  melting.  Lead  metal  is  dark  and  the  stone 
which  will  be  found  in  (676  C)  it  is  green,  over- 
whitish  because  of  the  strength  of  flower,  earth 
metal  and  because  the  metal  is  feminine.  It  emits 
spark  under  the  test.  The  stone  occurs  green  but 
with  whitish  and  its  weight  moderate,  but  the  mas- 
culine turns  out  heavier. 


86  A  Classical  Technology 

ON  MELTING  LEAD 

Melting  of  lead.  Lead  metal  is  dark,  is  found  in 
all  places,  but  oftener  (676  D)  in  warm  ones  and  the 
stone  occurring  in  it  is  green,  but  not  whitish;  the 
ore  however  is  heavy.  This  is  the  test:  you  take 
some  of  the  ore  and  put  it  on  a  fire  which  after  boil- 
ing and  melting,  emits  (676  E)  sparks.  The  stone 
in  it  i%  green,  and  any  herb  produced  on  it  always 
wilts  in  consequence  of  the  heat  of  the  ore.  It  is 
gathered  thus:  in  view  of  the  sun's  heat  you  dig 
down  into  the  earth,  three  ells  deep.  The  earth  is 
soft  and  while  dug,  dries  out:  it  is  roasted  in  a 
furnace  (677  A)  like  iron  also;  but  lead  burns 
better. 

ON  ANOTHER  MODE  OF  MELTING 
LEAD 

Another  way  to  melt  lead:  Do  not  dry  the  ore, 
but  as  soon  as  it  is  washed  it  is  put  in  an  iron  furnace 
with  coals;  and  you  will  not  light  a  slow  fire  till 
night  time,  but  bu.rn  (677  B)  it  all  night  till  the 
fourth  hour  of  the  day:  it  is  roasted  till  it  be- 
comes pure  and  so  it  is  again  set  in  a  furnace  fired 
with  coals  of  pine  or  fir  trees.  And  you  will  roast 
it  for  three  hours  and  then  work. 


From  Codex  Luceusis,  490  87 

ON  MELTING  GLASS  (677  C) 

Melting  of  glass.  It  is  a  sand  occurring  in  vari- 
ous places,  it  is  found  also  in  parts  of  Italy  in  the 
mountains :  it  is  a  glass  colored  stone,  blackish.  Now 
this  is  the  test:  take  some  of  the  sand,  put  it  in  a 
vase,  fire  it  suitably  with  coals  and  glass  will  run 
from  below  (677  D)  your  hand,  but  of  poor  quality. 
Take  some  of  that  same  sand  and  wash  it  with 
powder,  and  let  it  run  off;  make  a  glass  blower's 
furnace,  and  two  sets  of  bellows  and  in  this  way 
bring  about  the  melting  of  the  former  glass  like 
that  of  pitch;  and  you  will  take  that  former  glass 
which  is  worthless  and  break  it  up  and  roast  again 
in  the  furnace  like  pitch. 

How  to  dye  genuine  leather.  How  genuine 
(677  E)  leathers  are  to  be  dyed.  You  take  a  skin 
from  which  the  hair  has  been  removed  and  which 
has  been  washed  suitably,  and  you  also  take  gallnut 
you  use  for  each  hide  five  pounds,  and  of  water 
fifteen  pounds ;  and  you  set  the  skin  and  stir  for  one 
day  and  then  you  wash  it  well,  and  dry  it.  You 
take  Asiatic  alum,  pour  warm  water  on  the  alum 
and  (678  A)  when  it  settles  pour  the  water  off 
and  then  again  pour  on  warm  water,  and  stir  it; 
put  in  one  skin  or  two  or  as  many  as  you  wish  and 
you  will  take  them  up  and  you  wash  them  once  and 
put  in  vermilion,  for  every  skin  a  half  pound. 


88  A  Classical  Technology 

This  is  the  first  way  to  dye  the  skins.  You  will 
take  (678  B)  vermilion  and  grind  it  in  a  mortar. 
You  put  reduced  urine  in  a  hot  crucible  and  pour 
the  ground  vermilion  into  a  thin  cloth  and  put  it  in 
a  hot  crucible  and  stir  it  till  it  comes  out  of  the 
cloth  and  what  remains,  again  place  in  the  mortar 
and  you  will  grind  it  and  put  it  in  the  same  way  and 
stir  it  till  nothing  remains  of  the  vermilion  in  the 
cloth.  (678  C)  Then  take  some  of  the  mixture  and 
treat  the  skins  like  a  bellows  and  put  in  of  the 
liquid  for  every  skin  a  half  pound  and  shake  well. 
Leave  it  for  a  whole  night  and  in  the  morning  com- 
pound as  much  as  suffices  and  you  pour  it  off ;  wash 
and  dry  and  work.  (678  D). 

ON  THE  SECOND  DYEING 

The  second  dyeing:  As  has  been  said  of  the  for- 
mer skin,  a  sheepskin  is  plunged  in  the  mixture; 
just  so  goatskins  are  dyed. 

ON  DYEING  HIDES  GREEN  (678  E) 

Dyeing  hides  green:  take  a  hide  from  which  the 
hair  has  been  removed  and  put  on  it  dog's  dung, 
and  that  of  doves  and  fowls,  and  melt  in  the  liquid 
and  put  in  there  the  skins  and  treat  them  there  for 
three  days  and  then  take  them  out  and  wash  suit- 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  89 

ably,  let  dry ;  then  take  Asiatic  alum  just  as  has  been 
said  above  about  the  genuine,  then  take  almonds  and 
crush  and  boil  with  urine;  let  it  cool  off.  And 
pound  the  (679  A)  skins  like  bellows,  as  we  have 
said  about  the  genuine.  And  you  put  the  mixture 
in  the  skins.  And  rub  well,  and  you  blow  it  mod- 
erately that  it  may  have  wind  and  mix  thoroughly 
until  the  compound  sets  and  next  pour  out  some  of 
them  and  you  take  the  skins;  wash  once  and  after- 
wards take  some  indigo,  four  pounds  to  a  skin,  and 
simmered  urine  six  pounds  and  mix  (679  B)  the 
indigo  and  put  it  into  the  skins  as  you  do  the  almond 
liquid  and  mingle  till  the  liquid  part  of  the  mixture 
is  taken  up  and  you  pour  out  the  remainder  on  the 
sheep  hide,  that  is  the  almond  liquor  and  the  indigo 
as  we  have  stated  before  regarding  the  genuine, 
and  the  sheephide  will  come  out  green  fashion. 

THIRD  WAY  OF  DYEING  (679  C) 

Third  way  to  dye  a  hide  green.  As  we  have 
described  above  treat  them  and  after  washing  they 
are' put  in  alum  (as  we  have  said)  then  throw  out 
some  of  the  alum;  then  take  indigo,  half  a  pound, 
simmered  urine,  ten  pounds,  and  mix  together,  put 
in  two  bellows'  skins,  let  in  (679  D)  a  little  wind, 
treat  as  we  have  said  above :  all  this  you  will  do  con- 
tinually for  four  days.  Just  so  after  four  days  put 


9O  A  Classical  Technology 

(the  products)  on  the  sheep's  hide  and  you  will 
treat  them  so  for  five  days;  you  wash  and  let  dry. 
(679  E) 

Fourth  way  of  dyeing  yellow :  You  treat  the  hides 
in  the  same  way,  use  alum  in  the  same  way,  after- 
wards wash  after  the  alum,  and  take  an  almond, 
crush  it  and  boil  well  and  that  too  with  simmered 
urine.  And  after  it  cools,  put  the  almond  juice  in 
the  skins  and  treat  as  before  for  five  or  six  days. 
Then  you  pour  out  again  and  wash  and  dry  the 
sheepskins  as  we  said  above.  (680  A). 

ON  THE  FIRST  CELANDINE  DYE 

First  celandine  dyeing:  treat  the  hides  the  same 
way  and  you  similarly  put  them  in  alum,  wash  them, 
dye  the  hides  with  vitriol  and  wash  them  well. 
And  you  will  mix  vermilion  as  above  and  then  put 
some  of  the  drug  liquid  in  the  hides  and  treat  as  we 
have  shown  (680  B)  and  you  pour  out  again,  work 
the  sheepskins,  and  wash  and  dry. 

ON  THE  SECOND  CELANDINE  DYEING 

Second  dyeing  with  celandine.  You  treat  the 
object,  dye  it  as  we  have  mentioned  above  with 
vitriol,  and  wash  suitably,  put  some  of  the  almond 
solution  on  the  skins  and  mix  for  three  days. 
(680  C). 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  91 

THIRD  CELANDINE 

Third  celandine :  dye  as  we  have  said  with  yellow 
and  afterwards  take  purple  dye  and  put  it  in.  Mix 
as  we  have  stated  above  thin  coral  of  good  color, 
powdered  marine  red  one  pound,  lake  varnish,  purple 
one  (680  D)  pound,  and  calcothar  two  ounces,  gall- 
nut  two  ounces.  Powder  all  of  it  and  mix,  boil  the 
hides  down  with  urine  in  the  sunlight,  as  wehavesaid 
above.  And  when  you  please  to  dye,  take  some  of  the 
solution  and  simmered  urine  and  put  it  in  the  skins; 
and  combine  for  three  days,  then  wash  well  and  dry. 

ON  YELLOW  PORPHYRY  (680  E) 

Yellow  porphyry.  Treat  the  hides  as  above  and 
put  in  alum,  and  then  wash.  And  dye  with  apple- 
green,  then  mix  purple  and  put  the  mixture  on  the 
dyed  skins  and  treat. 

THIRD  CELANDINE  (681  A) 

Take  madder  and  crush  well,  put  in  a  melting 
pot  and  boil  down  suitably  with  urine  and  then  put 
in  it  a  small  amount  of  alum  and  mix,  set  away 
to  cool  and  then  pour  it  off,  put  the  solution  in  the 
skins  and  treat  well  for  one  day;  then  you  wash  it, 
dry  it  and  afterwards  (681  B)  take  the  almond 


92  A  Classical  Technology 

solution  one  ounce  and  indigo  one  ounce  and  grease 
the  surface  of  the  hide. 

HOW  TO  DYE  BONES  AND  ALL  KINDS 
OF  HORNS  AND  WOODS 

To  dye  green  any  you  please  of  the  above  men- 
tioned. You  put  bones  in  (681  C)  Asiatic  alum  for 
twelve  days,  (while  you  treat  horn  with  alum  for 
eight  days,  but  wood  for  four)  and  then  you  boil 
well  a  solution  of  almond,  put  away  as  much  as  you 
choose  till  it  boils  and  let  it  cool  off  and  then  take 
what  you  put  and  make  indigo.  Leave  it  for  five 
days.  Then  throw  out  and  (681  D)  wash. 

ON  SECOND  WAY  OF  DYEING  BLUE 

Second  mode  of  dyeing  blue.  You  use  alum  as 
above  and  make  indigo  put  in  what  you  please  and 
leave  for  ten  days,  horn  ten  and  wood  three. 

ON  YELLOW  DYE  (682  E) 

Yellow  dye.  Use  alum  as  above  and  cook  almonds 
suitably  with  simmered  urine  and  let  it  boil. 

ON  COLOR  LIKE  CINNABAR 

Colors  like  cinnabar.  Reduced  red  ochre  two 
parts,  white  lead  one  part.  Mix  and  temper  with 
water  and  use  as  you  please. 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  93 

ON  PARCHMENT  (683  A) 

How  parchment  should  be  made.  Put  it  <a 
hide>  in  lime  and  let  it  stay  there  for  three  days. 
And  stretch  it  on  a  horse  and  scrape  with  a  knife 
on  both  sides  and  let  dry,  then,  do  any  scraping  you 
like;  afterwards  (683  B)  paint  with  the  colors. 

ON  THE  COMPOSITION  OF  WHITE 
LEAD 

Composition  of  white  lead.  Take  strongest  vine- 
gar, pour  into  a  jar  to  fill  it  about  one  half,  then 
reduced  and  thinned  lead  is  hung  over  the  vinegar; 
then  like  reduced  vinegar,  it  sinks  into  the  jar  like 
dregs  which  (683  C)  purifies  it;  when  lightened  and 
dried  in  the  sun  we  rub  and  wash  in  water  a  long 
while. 

ON  COPPER  ORE 

Copper  ore  is  a  natural  clod  which  is  found  in  the 
island  of  Cyprus:  of  metallic  color,  somewhat  like 
gold,  has  inside  veins  broken  exactly  (683  D)  like 
broken  alum.,  and  that  glitter  like  stars. 

ON  ONION  GREEN 


Onion  green  color  will  be  produced  thus:  take 


94  A  Classical  Technology 

turkey  oak  wood  or  some  hardberried  wood  and  clean 
its  branches  of  the  bark  and  hew  down  (683  E) 
the  surface  smooth;  then  put  it  in  the  water  and 
cover  it  up  in  a  place  where  it  is  muddy  for  twenty 
years.  Then  take  it  out  and  let  it  dry  in  the  shade 
for  one  year.  Then  make  of  it  what  you  please. 

ON  A  LIST  (684  A) 

List  of  all  the  herbs,  woods,  stones,  earth,  metals, 
liquids,  water,  fungus,  salt,  soda,  efflorescence  of 
soda,  oil,  pitch,  rosin,  earth,  sulphur,  olive-like  pome- 
granate. As  to  metals:  this  is  the  first  kind  of  ore 
out  of  which  gold  is  produced:  a  red  earth,  some- 
what reddish  because  of  (684  B)  the  neighboring 
earth.  For  there  is  another  like  it,  and  when  heated 
will  lose  its  color  and  is  not  sandy  like  the  former — 
it  occurs  in  sunny  localities  and  the  earth  is  like  the 
gold  ore.  Now  the  ore  of  silver  is  green,  and  that 
of  copper  is  a  green  stone  and  the  color  of  the  stone 
(684  C)  is  like  copper.  When  you  strike  it  with 
a  piece  of  stone,  it  emits  fire.  Aurichalcum  stone 
is  apple  green  and  it  too,  emits  fire. 

As  to  ore,  it  is  stone,  jet  in  color. 

As  to  lead:  lead  is  a  dark  earth,  but  the  stone 
occurring  (684  D)  in  it  is  green. 

On  the  sand  which  makes  glass.  The  sand  whence 
(684  E)  glass  is  hardened,  is  a  stone  too,  of  course, 
and  has  a  glassy  color. 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  95 

On  vitriol.  Whence  is  vitriol  made  ?  It  is  a  sort 
of  yellow  clay,  where  there  are  in  the  winter  season 
self  gathering  drops.  Take  and  boil  down  and  from 
this  earth  will  be  produced  calcothar  and  from  the 
dry  will  come  vitriol.  (685  A). 

ON  ALUM 

Alum  is  a  metal,  flowering  up  from  the  earth. 

On  Kaolin  (?)     It  is  a  white  earth  easy  to  crush. 

On  sulphur:  sulphur  is  produced  from  the  (685 
B)  earth  and  the  very  locality  is  fired.  When 
reduced  by  fire  it  is  mixed  with  oil  and  roasted. 

ON  SODA.  Soda  is  a  salt  occurring  in  the 
earth ;  it  is  hollowed  into  leaves. 

BROKEN  SALT  (685  C) 
Broken  salt  is  produced  in  the  same  way. 
ON  SALTPETRE 

Now  saltpetre  is  produced  in  place  of  glass  before 
congealing;  but  another  sort  is  derived  from  soda, 
its  source  foams  white  like  snow.  (685  D).  When 
compounded  it  is  darker,  but  has  the  same  virtue. 

On  sulphur  impregnated  earth.  Sulphur  impreg- 
nated earth  is  derived  from  the  same  place  as  sul- 
phur, for  the  earth  itself  generates  the  sulphur. 

(Jesus  was  led  into  the  desert  to  be  tempted). 


96  A  Classical  Technology 

ON  THE  STONE  HEMATITE  (685  E) 

The  stone  hematite  occurs  near  spots  that  pro- 
duce sulphur. 

ON  QUICK  SILVER 

Quick  silver  is  produced  from  the  earth  and  an- 
other kind  from  silver  ore  during  the  melting  pro- 
cess. 

ON  ORPIMENT  , 

Orpiment  is  an  earthy  metal. 

ON  THE  STONE  JET 
Jet  stone  is  to  be  found  everywhere.  (686  B). 

ON  GREEN  EARTH 
Green  earth  hardens  like  a  metal. 
INDIGO   (LILAC) 
Indigo  is  composed  of  earth  and  herbs. 

LAPIS  LAZULI  (686  C) 

Lazuli  stone  compound:  Compound  blue  dye, 
compound  phycus,  copper  rust,  efflorescences  of  white 
lead  and  of  lead. 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  97 

Ochre  earth  is  one  containing  all  the  colors.  Com- 
positions of  roasted  copper,  can  be  made  of  copper 
ore.  Cinnabar  can  be  had  of  quick  silver.  Siricum 
of  white  lead,  for  it  comes  (686  D)  from  lead  too. 
As  to  herbs  and  woods : 

Chrisocoll  is  a  tree,  not  tall  with  inner  wood  of  an 
applegreen  color.  Walnut  bark :  olive  shrubs ;  apple 
bark,  elm  bark,  lotus  bark  (all  these  serve  for  dye- 
stuff)  ;  wild  madder,  the  almond  is  a  single  leaf 
plant,  gallnut  is  a  sort  of  (686  E)  ball,  tamarisk  is 
a  shrub,  tithymallus  is  an  herb  (tree-like),  double 
oxtongue  is  an  herb.  Resin  of  all  sorts  is  extracted 
from  pine  and  fir.  Reboiled  pitch  you  strain  out 
with  cedar  resin  from  the  cedar  tree.  Fir  resin 
comes  from  the  fir,  mastic  gum  from  the  correspond- 
ing tree.  Agnus  castus  gum  from  the  chaste  tree, 
< maple >  gum  from  the  maple  (?),  a  second  rate 
gum  is  squeezed  from  the  almond  tree,  oil  from  the 
olive,  linseed  oil  from  flax.  Coral  is  (687  A)  de- 
rived from  the  sea,  sluggish  oil  from  mastix,  purple 
dyestuffs  from  the  sea,  salt  from  the  sea.  All  of 
these  forms  of  dyes,  tinctures,  liquids,  and  composi- 
tions we  have  noted  down  afore  time  and  have  listed 
stones,  ores,  modes  of  treatment  with  alum,  herbs  to 
be  found,  whatever  exudes  resins ;  earths ;  and  what 
sulphur  is,  also  olive,  black  water,  brackish  water; 
mistletoe  and  all  the  rustic  (687  B)  plantation  pro- 
ducts and  whatsoever  vegetables  bud,  domestic  or 


98  A  Classical  Technology 

transmarine:  bees-wax,  axle-grease;  of  waters  the 
sweet  kinds,  every  variety  of  timbers,  pine,  fir,  juni- 
per, cypress,  ashes,  gallnuts  and  fig.  The  hunt  for 
all  these  is  needed  for  a  composition  containing  sim- 
mered urine,  vinegar,  along  with  rain  water,  water 
above  all.  Now  all  these  items  we  have  (687  C) 
previously  stated.  Now  a  table  of  measures :  Cubus 
contains  ten  pounds,  a  sextarius  three  pounds,  a 
congius  twelve  pounds,  while  four  cubi  are  forty 
pounds.  The  mixture  of  vinegar  with  water  serves 
to  add  brilliancy  to  very  red  porphyry. 

ON  GOLD  LEAF  (687  D) 

How  to  make  gold  foil.  Refined  gold  one  ounce, 
pure  silver  as  I  was  saying  one  ounce.  Mingle  and 
clean  it  with  lead,  then  pour  out,  then  mix,  and  beat 
into  a  sheet,  and  after  beating  it  thin,  cut  it  into 
pieces  to  the  extent  of  five  times  three  Byzantine 
feet,  and  after  they  are  smoothed  out  equally  and 
if  one  is  too  long  or  too  short,  equalize  it  with  a 
(687  E)  hammer  both  lengthwise  and  sidewise.  If 
it  is  of  the  right  length,  of  those  two  ounces  make 
eight  pieces.  Heat  it  in  a  fire,  beat  it  and  hold  it 
with  iron  tongs :  and  while  you  are  beating,  turn  it 
inside  out  so  that  the  short  pieces  appear  in  the 
middle.  When  they  grow  a  semissis,  trim  them  with 
a  knife  three  times  for  every  set  and  the  fourth  time 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  99 

when  the  weight  is  equal  over  the  whole  fold  head 
to  head  and  extend  (688  A)  and  clip  with  scissors 
and  have  them  placed  over  the  clippings  head  to  head 
and  gently  beaten  with  one  hand  and  then  set  in  oil. 
And  after  sixty-four  pieces  have  been  made  out  of 
those  eight,  you  next  make  a  bronzen  kettle  and 
keep  on  heating  it  and  another  supply  of  copper ;  set 
it  there  to  beat  one  piece  above  another  below  and 
as  you  beat  it  (688  B)  with  the  hammer  smooth  it 
out  as  many  handbreadths  at  one  end  as  the  other. 
And  as  fast  as  a  piece  reaches  a  half  a  foot,  cut  it 
off  and  set  up  one  above  the  other  up  to  the  third 
time:  then  the  piece  should  be  put  in  oil  and  the 
copper  is  to  be  folded  and  another  supply  joined 
and  the  beating  continue  till  those  eight  pieces 
amount  to  one  thousand  and  twenty-eight.  And  it 
must  be  clipped  with  the  scissors  (688  C)  and  the 
clippings  tied  up  in  a  linen  cloth  so  as  to  be  heated 
in  the  furnace  where  the  leaf  is  set.  And  the  fur- 
nace should  be  two  feet  high  from  the  ground  and 
let  there  be  set  on  a  wall  a  perforated  vessel  (or 
sheath),  three  perforations  on  each  side  and  one  in 
the  middle :  and  another  sheath  should  be  set  above, 
half  a  foot  from  the  ground.  It  should  be  perforated 
in  the  middle  and  have  another  opening  from  the 
ground  (688  D)  to  put  in  wood  with  one  in  front 
to  admit  the  gold.  And  the  gold  must  be  cleaned 
with  ashes  of  cowdung  and  with  salt  equally  burned 


IOO  A  Classical  Technology 

and  crushed  like  the  ashes.  Mix  and  put  in  the  first 
(or  old)  ash  and  in  the  second  (or  new).  And  in 
the  third  one  they  are  similarly  sifted.  And  after 
the  petal  has  been  colored  use  it  as  you  please.  (688 
E). 

For  the  gilding  of  a  leaf  with  the  yolk  of  a  hen 
egg.  And  do  the  same  thing  for  gilding  or  glass: 
and  if  it  be  a  case  of  gilding  wood  along  with 
gypsum  use  the  yellow  of  an  egg.  Let  a  raw  bul- 
lock's hide  be  scraped,  boil  it  down  in  a  new  pot  with 
water  for  two  and  three  days:  You  temper  with 
gypsum  and  apply  to  wood  or  wherever  you  wish. 
And  take  the  hide  from  the  workbench  along  with 
the  gypsum  and  after  (689  A)  drying  it  scrape 
with  a  sharp  knife  and  then  gild. 

And  if  you  care  to  gild  lead  pour  it  out  thin  and 
scrape  clean  and  put  a  leaf  above  and  smooth  with 
hematite.  And  treat  tin  the  same  way  if  you  care 
to  gild  it. 

On  gilding  iron.  Now  if  you  desire  to  gild  iron 
take  calcothar  (689  B)  and  Asiatic  alum  in  equal 
quantities  and  salt  similarly  and  tragacanth  to  the 
same  weight  as  the  other  three  and  mix  all  with 
water,  put  in  a  copper  vessel  and  boil  for  an  hour  and 
grease  the  iron  where  (689  C)  you  wish  to  gild  it,  let 
it  stay  a  while  and  wipe  it  and  the  color  will  come 
out  coppery ;  take  an  onyx  stone  and  smooth  it  and  if 
the  color  comes  out  coppery,  dip  it  again.  But  if 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  IOI 

the  gilding  will  not  take  mix  it  with  the  drug  in 
equal  quantities  and  grease. 

ON  GILDING  A  GARMENT  (689  D) 

For  gilding  cloth:  should  you  wish  to  gild  cloth, 
do  as  we  have  suggested  above ;  pour  a  yellow  grease 
derived  from  an  ox  body  on  just  any  piece  of  cloth, 
gild  and  smooth  with  an  onyx  stone. 

ON  GILDING  GREASE  WITH  SUL- 
PHUR (?) 

If  you  care  to  gild  grease  with  sulphur;  use  a  leaf 
along  with  the  (689  E)  yolk  of  a  hen's  egg  and  if 
you  wish  to  make  the  greasy  mixture,  take  mastix 
gum  frankincense  one  ounce,  pound  in  a  mortar  and 
mix ;  and  thus  make  the  grease. 

ON  MAKING  BRIGHT  VARNISH  (690  A) 

How  bright  varnish  should  be  made.  Take  a 
gold  leaf,  linseed  oil  five  ounces,  galbanum  two 
ounces,  turpentine  one  ounce,  Spanish  pitch  one 
ounce.  Dissolve  all  these  three  drugs  together,  once 
with  a  fair  amount  of  linseed  and  then  with  eastern 
saffron  one  ounce,  frankincense  four  ounces,  myrrh 
two  ounces,  mastix  gum  two  ounces,  fir  rosin  two 


IO2  A  Classical  Technology 

ounces,  early  maturing  poplar  bloom  two  ounces, 
betony  two  ounces.  Mix  them  with  a  colander  and 
knead,  strain  them  out  and  after  all  are  warmed  mix 
with  them  cherry  gum  two  ounces,  saffron,  frank- 
incense (690  B)  myrrh,  fir  gum,  poplar  bloom, 
betony:  crush  them  all  and  when  sifted  boil  with 
four  ounces  of  linseed  oil  and  after  the  boiling  strain 
them  through  a  cloth  sieve.  And  thus  you  should 
mix  them  with  the  drugs  which  are  galbanum,  tur- 
pentine and  Spanish  pitch.  And  if  there  afterward 
appear  any  vice  to  prevent  its  drying,  add  to  it  mastix 
gum  according  to  your  taste,  an  ounce  or  a  half. 
(690  C). 

ON  SILVER  LEAF 

Silver  leaves  are  to  be  beaten  out  just  like  golden 
ones.  On  tin  leaf :  how  to  make  tin  leaf.  Beat  two 
ounces  of  it  into  a  long  thin  (690  D)  plate  and  cut 
them  into  battens  as  often  as  five  times  and  divide 
often. 

ON  MAKING  GOLDEN  THREADS 

How  a  plate  is  to  turn  in  to  golden  threads. 
Take  good  gold  about  a  measure  long;  beat  it  into 
a  long  slender  leaf,  when  you  beat  it  lengthwise,  fold 
also  one  over  the  other,  and  that  is  the  way  you  will 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  103 

beat  (690  E)  it,  but  you  do  not  beat  the  foldings. 
And  you  afterwards  open  the  gold  in  the  middle; 
and  both  the  non  beaten  ends  should  come  into  the 
middle.  And  beat  and  divide  with  an  awl  (?)  and 
then  you  should  smooth  with  a  wooden  hammer,  and 
of  just  one  you  should  make  three  leaves;  then  you 
will  take  good  fine  long  slender  scissors  and  clip 
down  to  the  quick  and  fold  one  petal  on  another  and 
hold  it  all  with  tongs,  and  (691  A)  so  everything 
must  be  done.  And  take  small  coals,  hold  them  on 
the  hearth  and  put  all  the  leaves  within  a  moderate 
sized  platter  of  equal  size  that  all  be  heated ;  and  you 
have  water  ready  and  pour  on  in  order  that  the 
leaves  may  take  on  a  bright  color.  And  then  take 
clean  tragacanth  and  carefully  pound  it  in  a  mortar 
and  salt  in  equal  (691  B)  weights,  and  rub,  mix 
with  diluted  vinegar,  spread  over  the  petals  on  both 
sides  equally  with  the  first;  and  heat  on  the  hearth 
to  a  moderate  degree.  Thus  the  gold  is  colored.  And 
wash  it  with  clean  water,  divide  and  dry ;  and  after- 
wards cut  the  threads  so  as  to  weigh  twelve  tremis- 
ses  for  embroidery  with  gold ;  and  for  fine  gold  weav- 
ing so  as  (691  C)  to  weigh  fifteen  tremisses.  And 
the  threads  should  be  three  palms  long  and  so  too 
the  petals. 

ON  COLORING  SILVER  LEAF 
Coloring  of  silver  leaf.     Asiatic  alum  two  parts, 


i&4  A  Classical  Technology 

salt  one  part,  crush  and  sift  it,  mix  well,  set  one 
leaf  of  usual  size  on  another  and  put  in  a  furnace  as 
we  have  shown  above  in  regard  to  gold  coloring. 
(691  D).  Another  mode  of  coloring:  cowdung  is 
cleanly  fired  and  salt,  similarly  all  (the  ingredients). 

ON  DYEING  LIME  IN  COLOR 

Take  of  orpiment  one  (part  ?)  spread  piece  by 
piece  over  lime  and  let  it  stay  there  a  day  and  a 
night,  under  the  open  air.  And  then  apply  (691  E) 
to  a  wall  as  you  please. 

ON  VARNISH 

How  to  make  a  varnish  for  colors.  Linseed  oil 
four  ounces,  turpentine  two  ounces,  larch  two 
ounces,  frankincense  three  ounces,  myrrh  three 
ounces,  mastix  gum  three  ounces,  betony  one  ounce, 
cherry  gum  two  ounces,  (692  A)  poplar  flower  two 
ounces,  almond  gum  two  ounces,  fir  resin  two 
ounces,  all  of  which  are  to  be  crushed.  Crush  and 
sift  and  (as  above)  put  in  a  bronze  dish.  And  put 
in  a  hot  oven,  and  cook  without  flame  to  keep  it 
from  coming  out;  and  then  strain  in  a  clean  cloth 
and  if  it  comes  out  thin,  boil  down  till  it  thickens. 
And  you  ought  with  the  product  (692  B)  varnish 
over  just  any  painted  or  carved  work.  Put  in  the 
sun  and  dry  it. 


From  Codex  Luccnsis,  490  105 

ON  WHITE  COPPER 

To  keep  it  from  losing  its  color  in  the  fire:  put 
some  glass  in  a  vessel  (in  the  bottom)  and  so  melt 
it.  And  as  you  are  pouring  it  out  open  the  vessel 
with  a  fork  (or  hook).  (692  C). 

CHRYSOGRAPHY 

You  file  down  thin  some  refined  gold  with  a  file 
and  set  it  in  a  porphyry  mortar  and  you  will  add 
vinegar  of  the  strongest  quality,  and  at  the  same  time 
you  grind  and  wash  as  long  as  it  is  black  and  you 
pour  it  out,  and  then  at  last  put  in  a  grain  of  salt  or 
(692  D)  at  least  soda  and  so  it  is  melted:  and  you 
afterwards  write  and  polish  the  letters.  So  all 
metals  can  be  melted. 

ANOTHER  CHRYSOGRAPHY 

You  melt  lead  and  often  dip  in  cold  water  and 
then  you  melt  gold  and  cool  in  the  aforesaid  water, 
and  it  becomes  frail.  Then  after  filing  you  rub  the 
gold  carefully  with  quick  silver  and  you  clean 
(692  E)  it  carefully  while  it  is  liquid  and  thus  you 
will  write.  Previously  you  will  dip  into  a  liquid 
alum  cleansed  with  the  best  vinegar. 


IO6  A   Classical  Technology 

ANOTHER  GOLD  WRITING 

You  will  take  sheets  of  gold  and  silver  and  grind 
them  in  a  mortar  in  Greek  salt  or  soda  till  it  disap- 
pears; then  put  in  water,  and  (693  A)  pour  out,  and 
again  put  in  salt.  And  you  will  wash  it  out  in  the 
same  way ;  and  when  a  small  amount  of  gold  remains 
add  a  moderate  amount  of  efflorescence  of  bronze  and 
oxgall.  And  you  rub  together  and  you  will  write 
and  polish  the  letters.  But  if  you  wish  it  to  be 
diffuse  and  to  write  more  abundantly,  grind  sep- 
arately orpiment  four  parts  (the  (693  B)  divisible 
kind)  and  celandine  one  part.  And  sift  and  mix 
of  it  as  much  as  there  is  of  the  gold  and  grind 
equally.  When  you  have  dried  it,  polish  and  use 
in  writing.  With  this  product  you  can  paint  on 
glass  and  marble,  just  exactly  as  you  use  it  for 
writing.  (693  C). 

i 

WRITING  LIKE  GOLD 

Celandine  two  drachms,  brilliant  crushed  rosin 
three  drachms,  gold  colored  gum  three  drachms, 
clear  orpiment  three  drachms,  tortoise  gall  three 
drachms,  white  of  eggs  five  drachms;  altogether 
twenty  drachms.  (693  D).  And  add  Cilician  saffron 
seven  drachms.  Write  not  only  on  parchment  or 
papyrus,  but  also  on  a  glass  or  marble  vase. 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  107 

GILDING  OF  A  PELT  (693  E) 

You  take  a  red  skin,  treat  it  carefully  with  pumice, 
moisten  with  tepid  water  and  wash  it  all  carefully 
till  the  water  comes  out  clear;  then  you  stretch  it 
on  a  horse  and  cut  into  strips  as  often  as  four 
times,  then  stretch  on  a  clean  board  face  up  and 
level  it  off  carefully  with  a  clean  piece  of  wood. 
And  after  it  has  dried  off,  you  take  the  (694  A) 
white  of  an  egg  and  dip  into  the  mixture  and  with 
a  clean  sponge  smear  over  the  skin  in  a  regular  way ; 
and  if  insufficient,  you  besmear  it  a  second  time. 
And  after  drying  place  the  leaf,  then  dip  the  sponge 
into  water,  press  and  after  drying  polish.  Then 
moreover  rub  again  with  a  clean  skin,  polish  again. 
Gilding  is  done  in  the  same  way  with  tragacanth 
too,  on  (694  B)  the  condition,  however,  that  you  im- 
merse the  skin  in  water  during  the  night  until  dis- 
solved. 

HOW  TO  TRANSMUTE  COPPER  INTO  A 
GOLDEN  COLOR 

You  take  clean,  filed  copper  two  parts,  Asiatic 
alum  crushed  in  a  mortar  carefully  and  sifted  one 
part.  Mix  and  put  in  a  vessel,  set  on  hot  coals  till 
the  copper  is  fused  and  mixed  with  the  alum:  then 
stop  (694  C)  firing,  for  as  the  result  of  the  fire  the 


io8  A  Classical  Technology 

alum  fires  the  copper.  And  next  you  will  pour  out 
some  urine  into  the  vessel  mould  which  you  wish 
to  make.  And  thus  fuse  the  copper.  It  will  not 
lose  its  color  (694  D)  in  the  second  fusing,  but  will 
do  so  in  the  third ;  it  will  not  lose  color  while  you  are 
filing  it  or  beating  it.  When  it  breaks  it  is  useless. 
Rub  (?)  all,  alum,  Egyptian  beans,  three  sous, 
soda  one  ounce. 

OPERATION  FOR  CINNABAR  (694  E) 

It  is  thus  compounded:  you  will  take  clean  mer- 
cury two  parts,  native  sulfur  one,  and  put  in  a  flask 
without  smoke  and  gently  roast  on  the  fire,  make 
cinnabar ;  and  wash  conveniently  and  then  take  very 
clean  plates  of  copper,  hang  over  strong  vinegar  in 
the  sunlight  immovable  (695  A)  and  some  days 
later  open  and  take  the  petals,  gather  the  efflores- 
cence and  make  a  very  clean  verdigris.  Then  you  take 
lead,  make  plates  and  hang  over  vinegar  as  before, 
and  gather  the  efflorescence  and  wash  well  till  it  is 
clean  and  make  white  lead.  Take  cinnabar  one 
part,  verdigris  half  a  part,  and  white  lead  half  a  part 
and  put  in  a  marble  mortar  and  grind  well; 
after  the  grinding  pour  on  some  water  in  which 
isinglass  is  boiling  and  it  will  make  celandine  pig- 
ment. (695  B). 

Porphiry  celandine:   solution  of  purple  decoction 


from  Codex  Lucensis,  490 

one  pound,  cinnabar  one  ounce,  clean  whitelead  one 
ounce.  Beat  all  of  them,  mix  with  a  small  quantity 
of  urine,  put  in  a  glass  vessel,  set  away  in  the  sun- 
light till  it  dries.  Cyanus  is  thus  recognized  by 
weight  (695  C)  before  compounding.  The  ingre- 
dients are  powdered  marble,  mix  well.  Second 
measure  for  the  compound :  green  celandine,  cyanus 
one  pound,  whitelead  one  ounce,  all  these  together, 
mix  with  urin  simmered  down. 

All  these  items  we  have  expounded,  whatever 
there  are  of  earthly  or  marine  flowers  or  herbs.  We 
have  recounted  their  (695  -D)  virtues  or  opera- 
tions, on  walls  and  woods,  cloths,  hides  and  of  all 
painters.  So  now  we  state  the  treatments  of  all 
which  are  applied  in  the  simple  condition  to  walls 
and  on  wood,  for  wax:  with  mixed  colors  on  hides. 
(695  E). 

Composition  of  pitch:  first  of  all  dry  pitch  one 
ounce  two  drachms,  native  sulphur  three  sous,  rosin 
four  drachms,  tutsan  others  say  water  oil,  others 
water  flower,  others  quince,  but  the  Alexandrines 
say  marjoram.  It  occurs  in  water  where 
the  earth  (696  A)  is  white,  red  or  black;  and  it  is 
produced  out  of  the  water,  applegreen  in  color ;  above 
the  water  roundabout  is  the  water's  exit.  And  the 
water  is  heavy  and  disastrous  to  the  earth  which 
generates  the  flower.  This  way  it  is  gathered.  Take 
some  very  soft  (696  B)  wool,  wash  it  and  put  on 


IIO  A   Classical  Technology 

the  water  and  squeeze  into  a  glass  vessel  provided 
with  very  moderate  holes.  Open  the  hole,  put  some 
clean  wool  underneath  till  the  water  is  strained  oft" 
and  the  marjoram  liquid  remains.  So  you  use  mar- 
joram one  drachm,  clean  balsam  one  ounce,  aureas 
six;  Cilician  oil,  others  say  castor  oil,  others  aspho- 
del, but  others  say  mistletoe  one  sou,  cypress  pitch 
one  sou  and  (696  C)  twelve  aurei,  Spanish  pitch  one 
sou,  oil  soap  two  sous,  soda  one  sou,  parsley,  others 
say  wild  variety,  others  rustic  celandine,  others  gum, 
others  cheese,  others  thyme,  others  filaments,  others 
hairy  parsley.  How  does  parsley  grow?  In  water, 
on  walls  of  houses  along  with  the  so  called  calx  herb, 
which  has  a  tassel  and  is  dry;  powdered  one  ounce, 
aulocias  others  say  (696  D)  sticis,  others  calaminth, 
others  clay-gravel  mixture,  others  gillyflower,  others 
Marcus  Antoninus  flower.  But  the  Alexandrines 
say  a  half  measure  anis  of  purified  gold.  It  is  slender 
herb  with  branching  thorn,  tangled  and  white :  many 
make  torches  out  of  it.  It  occurs  in  rough  and  stony 
places:  it  has  leaves  like  the  myrtle:  dry  and  pow- 
dered three  sous  one  drachm.  The  wild  bramble 
(others  call  it  cocudera)  grows  (696  E)  like  a 
bramble,  has  stronger  and  thick  branches,  and  a  fruit 
like  the  jujube  which  is  a  round  bulb,  for  which  the 
gentiles  say  wild  jujube.  Within  it  has  triangular 
hairy  grains.  Grains  dried  and  powdered  one  sou. 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  III 

Have  everything  dried  and  ground  in  the  same  way, 
then  mix  all  the  ingredients,  add  chaste  tree  two 
sous,  mix,  grind  suitably  (697  A)  put  away  in  a  ves- 
sel smeared  with  bitumen  and  when  it  boils  on  slow 
fire  once,  there  will  be  a  pitch  compound. 

HOW  TO  EXTINGUISH  A  FIRE 

Let  us  now  speak  of  extinction,  what  sort  of  a 
remedy  you  must  have  if  the  fire  burns  too  strongly : 
if  it  is  too  hot,  put  it  out  with  soda  sand  thrown 
on  it.  (697  B). 

ON  BLUE 

Blue,  its  chief  ingredient:  gather  carefully  some 
leaves  of  the  violet  flower,  pound  carefully  in  a  clean 
mortar,  put  in  soap  and  axlegrease  without  chalk, 
clean  with  tepid  water  and  dissolve  soap  one  ounce 
(697  C)  in  a  pound  of  water.  And  rub  the  soap 
suitably  in  water,  and  put  away  to  cool,  then  put  the 
composition  on  the  powdered  flowers,  set  it  all  in 
a  glass  vessel  into  which  you  can  put  your  hand; 
set  it  away  there  and  after  a  while  go  and  mix  it ; 
always  mix  in  the  same  way,  stir  (697  D)  with  or 
without  mixing  every  day.  Shake  once  a  day  for  a 
week,  then  three  days  or  two  until  you  boil  it  down ; 
then  you  take  a  dark,  larger  lily  (which  is  prophyry 


112  A  Classical  Technology 

colored),  the  kind  that  has  a  leaf  like  knife,  rub 
it  down  suitably  in  a  mortar  without  soap,  putting 
in  water  (697  E)  and  then  you  will  take  some  of 
the  violet  compound  two  pounds,  some  Egyptian 
alum  (if  the  foam  is  strong)  ;  but  if  the  foam  be 
feeble  use  crude  alum  two  ounces,  simmered  urine 
one  pound  and  boil  on  a  slow  fire  for  six  hours ;  and 
if  the  mixture  turns  out  very  green,  pour  in  urine, 
but  if  very  blue,  use  more  alum.  But  if  too  azure, 
use  a  drachm  of  birdlime.  Put  in  of  white  native 
lily  a  sufficient  quantity  and  boil  (698  A)  down. 
You  skim  off  the  froth  with  a  wooden  hollow  spoon, 
and  throw  out  blue  (herb  of  the  poppy  boiled  with 
flower  leaves),  set  away  in  a  new  earthenware  jar 
for  a  day,  you  will  open  it  and  set  aside  for  an  hour 
and  when  the  mixture  grows  feeble,  take  water,  boil 
with  isinglass,  put  on  the  flower  leaves,  powder 
suitably,  mix  with  a  moderate  amount  of  cinnabar 
and  a  celandine  color  will  come  out.  (698  B). 

COMPOSITION  OF  INDIGO 

Caucalis  flower,  bloom  of  unclean  flax,  the  un- 
guent dregs  of  violet  of  the  before  mentioned  sorts, 
namely  of  the  minor  variety  two  parts,  of  the  larger 
one  part;  but  make  such  dregs  not  according  to  the 
formula  for  azure,  but  only  with  lilly  water;  of  the 
greater  blue  however  use  one  part,  let  these  forms 


From  Codex  Lucensts,  490  113 

of  ointment  be  made,  both  (698  C)  suitably  in  hol- 
lowed wood,  you  will  then  place  back  in  a  glass 
vessel  the  two  ointments ;  of  the  smaller  violet  you 
will  similarly  make  a  drug  and  of  the  greater  blue 
lily  you  will  similarly  make  a  drug:  then  put  in 
some  of  the  white,  that  is  to  say  of  the  caucalis 
flower  and  of  the  flax  two  parts,  and  of  the  minor 
violet  one  part  and  of  the  greater  one  part,  Egyptian 
alum  foam  to  (698  D)  a  pound  five  sous,  axlegrease 
soap  without  lime  one  ounce.  All  these  you  will 
boil  down,  you  will  moderately  rub  weak  batter  one 
pound,  then  mix  the  ointment  dregs  boiled  down 
with  the  batter,  and  grind  suitably  till  it  becomes  a 
powder,  then  take  it  up  and  put  in  the  sun. 

THIS  IS  BLUE  LILAC  (OR  INDIGO) 
(698  E) 

And  is  compounded  of  flowers,  namely  flower 
neulacis,  in  Greek  the  tapsia  plant,  called  by  others 
the  groundcreeper.  Gather  the  flower  and  stow  it 
away,  then  grease  your  hands  with  oily  soap  without 
lime  then  rub  the  flowers  between  your  hands  and 
put  away  in  a  glass  vessel,  continue  the  act  till  the 
flowers  are  consumed;  and  that  which  (699  A) 
has  been  stowed  away  you  will  cover  in  its  vessel 
suitably,  in  a  warm  spot  and  then  open.  \Vatch 
it  till  its  color  is  blue,  and  then  put  it  away  un- 


114  A  Classical  Technology 

covered  (with  only  a  cloth  over  it)  ;  merely  cover 
cleanly  and  take  some  of  the  batter  of  green  tint, 
boil  down  to  a  feeble  state  with  skimmed  urine 
until  the  leaves  are  dissolved.  And  you  continue  the 
boiling  till  the  urine  is  consumed  and  the  compound 
(699  B)  thickens:  then  set  away  to  cool.  Next 
take  of  tapsia  plant  flower  three  pounds,  of  the 
batter  two  pounds,  cinnabar  half  an  ounce,  mix  rub 
cleanly,  cover  the  mortar  and  let  it  rest.  And  then 
you  take  oystershells  and  clean  inside  and  outside 
carefully  and  wash  off  so  that  neither  filth  nor  flax 
may  slip  through.  Then  you  take  the  shells  and  put 
them  back  in  a  new  pot  and  boil  in  a  furnace  till  it 
(699  C)  grows  hot  and  (the  shell)  is  reduced  to 
powder.  Then  cool  off,  grind  suitably  in  the  same 
way,  take  of  its  powder  one  pound,  and  then  take 
clean  verdigris  and  put  it  in  another  supply  of  skim- 
med urine  and  rub  a  good  while  till  the  urine  is 
turbid  and  turns  green  after  which  you  will  mix 
some  of  the  turbid  urine  in  the  mortar  (699  E). 
Rub  down  thoroughly,  put  away  in  a  new  vessel 
and  set  in  the  sun  one  day  and  then  cover  and  be- 
smear, set  above  in  a  glassblower's  furnace  one  day 
and  it  will  come  out  blue. 

The  red  variety,  however,  is  compounded  of  three 
drugs.  It  is  made  thus.  Take  lacquer,  grind  suit- 
ably, mix  with  skimmed  urine,  boil  well  on  a  slow 
fire  and  the  compound  put  one  ounce,  indigo  one 


From  Codex  LucensiSj  490  115 

sou,  rub  suitably,  let  it  settle  in  the  sun. 

Another  vermilion  compound.  Put  in  vermilion 
one  pound,  scarlet  berry  one  pound;  (scarlet  berry 
as  has  been  stated  above  occurs  (700  A)  on  the 
leaves  of  the  cedar:  do  not  grind  them  behind  the 
furnace).  First  of  all  mix  indigo  one  ounce,  grind 
suitably  in  a  mortar,  put  in  skimmed  urine  fifteen 
pounds,  set  in  a  new  pot,  boil  the  urine  down  one 
half,  and  crush  the  grains  with  cinnabar  in  a  linen 
cloth ;  wash  ( 700  B )  as  was  mentioned  above  until 
all  is  consumed,  then  put  back  in  the  sun. 

ANOTHER    COMPOSITION     FOR    VER- 
MILION 

Vermilion  one-half  pound,  of  another  variety  of 
vermilion  six  ounces,  white  lead  six,  indigo  six 
ounces:  rub  suitably,  set  in  a  pot,  add  skimmed 
urine  ten  pounds,  put  in  a  thin  linen  cloth,  pound 
the  scarlet  berry  (700  C),  wash  off  in  urine  and 
you  pound  it  again,  wash  in  urine  until  the  scarlet 
berry  is  dissolved ;  and  continue  boiling  till  the  urine 
is  reduced  one-half.  Then  put  back  in  the  sun. 

PURPLE  COLORED   CELANDINE 

Is  composed  of  four  drugs,  indigo,  blue  stuff, 
cinnabar,  and  lacquer  in  equal  weights.  Crush 


Ii6  A  Classical  Technology 

them,  compose  in  a  glass  vessel,  set  in  the  (700  D) 
sun  till  the  mixture  dries  out. 

ON  METAL 

Now  as  to  metal  for  roasting  gold,  we  will  show 
you  how  it  can  be  produced  from  a  greasy  combina- 
tion. And  when  the  metal  has  been  found  (700  E) 
make  a  vessel  which  is  to  receive  of  the  metal  twenty 
pounds,  and  afterwards  put  it  with  the  vessel  in  a 
furnace  and  heat  it  at  the  fire  from  one  o'clock  to 
six.  After  this  with  the  metal's  greasy  mixture 
must  be  combined  coral  two  pounds,  ammonia  fixed 
and  burned  a  pound,  Spanish  salt  two  pounds,  white 
wax  to  the  required  extent  some  very  greasy  ingre- 
dient two  pounds,  tartar  one  pound.  The  result 
(701  A)  is  a  compound  of  every  pigment  entering 
by  and  of  itself  into  every  individual  part,  an  ingre- 
dient which  you  read  about  but  which  we  have  actu- 
ally tried.  This  last  should  be  delightful  since  it 
contains  three  metals  for  melting  gold ;  and  we  can 
point  out  to  you  another  metal  for  this  fusing  process, 
(but  much  greener  than  the  metal  of  gold,  which  has 
to  effect  the  fusion).  It  will  have  the  odor  of  dew 
and  should  be  put  in  a  vessel  after  reduction.  The 
first  decoration  is  burned  pitch  (701  B),  one  half 
pound,  a  second  is  glass  powdered  by  hammering,  the 
third  however,  is  tin  two  pounds,  which  by  its  fusion 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  117 

brings  the  metal  to  a  safe  result.  And  thus  what 
was  combined  with  the  metal  is  reduced  to  a  powder, 
all  of  which  has  been  tested. 

ON  GREEN  EARTH  (701  C) 

On  green  earth:  likewise  is  the  stone  green, 
from  which  the  ore  silver  is  derived.  This  earth 
occurs  in  stony  places  where  are  found  many  ores 
and  of  various  colors.  This  ore  when  rubbed  off 
shows  white  veins  and  when  reduced  with  fire  they 
come  out  black  (that  is  the  test)  :  and  when  broken 
into  small  pieces  (701  D)  after  reducing,  it  has 
inward  colors  like  silver,  (that  is  to  say  this  stone 
which  will  come  out  silver).  Take  some  of  the  ore: 
for  first  of  all,  you  place  in  the  upper  part  of  a  fur- 
nace, calamine  ore  in  an  oven  pot  and  fill  with  coals 
and  burn  as  we  have  said  above,  wood  below  and 
coals  above  and  you  continue  the  burning  and  fus- 
ing process  one  day  and  let  it  cool  off  right  there. 
Next  you  take  the  mass  and  (701  E)  break  into 
small  pieces,  then  return  to  the  oven  as  before.  And 
along  with  that,  feeble  lead  to  the  extent  of  one 
hundred  pounds,  but  of  the  lead  mass  fifteen,  and 
burn  as  before  for  three  days.  After  this,  now 
throw  out  the  mass,  place  it  in  a  cup  and  melt  for 
two  hours.  (702  A). 


n8  A  Classical  Technology 

ON  THE  ADAMANT  STONE 

The  adamant  stone  is  produced  from  the  concoc- 
tion of  calamine  and  gold  in  the  first  gathering 
of  the  mass  after  the  first  reduction.  Now  the  mass 
remains  during  the  breaking  large  in  one  instance, 
small  in  (702  B)  the  other,  such  that  neither  iron 
nor  any  other  ores  can  break  it.  And  it,  which  over- 
comes all  other  metals  yields  to  lead  alone.  And  this 
is  the  potency  of  lead.  You  take  soft  lead,  easy  and 
yielding  and  melt  in  on  the  spot,  and  throw  in  there 
adamant  of  equal  (to  that),  which  you  wish  to 
reduce,  burn  the  lead  on  a  slow  fire  and  when  it 
begins  to  thin  (702  C)  out  instantly  catch  it  with 
tongs  and  cover  in  oil  soap,  next  take  it  out  gently 
and  in  very  clean  fashion  because  it  is  feeble;  for 
it  is  more  friable  than  lead  since  lead  is  melted  in 
it.  Next  you  take  of  the  soap  products  what  you 
wish  to  thin  out,  then  place  carefully  on  the  fire,  for 
two  or  three  hours  until  it  is  hot  enough,  then  take 
(702  D)  off  and  wash,  and  out  will  come  adamant 
(which  is  neither  conquered  by  fire  nor  broken  by 
iron) :  you  work  it,  do  not  lay  it  aside,  something 
by  which  you  imitate  whatever  you  please  to  make. 

ON  PURPLE 
Purple  occurs  in  every  sea  rather  than  on  the 


From  Codex  Lucensif,  490  119 

islands,  and  these  lakes  of  (702  E)  ours.  It  has 
within  a  small  shell  instead  of  a  blood:  its  blood 
is  purple  colored,  out  of  which  is  gathered  purple 
dye.  It  is  had  thus.  Take  a  shellfish,  boil  the  blood 
with  the  flesh,  then  take  seabrine  or  salt  brine,  mingle 
in  a  vessel  and  let  it  stand. 

ON  PURPLE  DYE  (703  A) 

Purple  dye:  take  Alexandrine  alum,  rub  down 
suitably,  put  on  a  platter  put  over  it  boiling  hot 
water  and  stir  a  good  while,  let  it  stand,  then  pour 
out  the  hot  water  and  stir,  put  in  what  you  wish  to 
dye  and  what  comes  out,  let  alone  for  two  days; 
and  after  two  days  (703  B)  stir  and  turn  upside 
down. 

ON  DIFFERENT  WAYS  OF  GILDING 

Different  ways  of  gilding:  for  instance  on  wood. 
Let  almond  gum  be  melted  for  one  day,  then  rub 
the  gum  suitably  with  water,  add  saffron  to  a  (703 
C )  sufficient  extent,  color  the  water  with  gum.  And 
warm  it  all  on  a  slow  fire.  According  to  necessity 
use  it  on  wood,  plum  trees  (?)  or  housewalls.  Take 
thin  white  of  an  egg,  add  a  sufficient  quantity  of 
saffron,  dip  (703  D)  and  mingle  then  rub.  Place 
in  a  glass  jar  linseed  oil  one  ounce,  fused  gum  one 


I2O  A  Classical  Technology 

ounce,  saffron  in  sufficient  quantity;  mix  it  all  with 
water.  Boil  down  the  three  chief  ingredients,  use  in 
gilding  petals. 

ON  THE  COMPOSITION  OF  LINSEED 
OIL  (703  E) 

Composition  of  linseed  oil.  Linseed  two  pounds, 
gum  one  ounce,  fir  resin  one  ounce,  saffron  two  sous : 
pound  all  these  ingredients  and  mix  as  above. 

ON  THE  OPERATION  FOR  REMOVAL  OF 
TARNISH   (704  A) 

Removal  of  tarnished  gilt:  if  it's  a  case  of  raw 
hide  use  some  indelible  dye  or  whitelead  or  some 
tarnish  color.  These  gilt  petals  are  set  away:  and 
after  the  drying  moreover,  anoint  thoroughly  with 
some  of  the  composition  which  we  have  described 
above  where  we  discussed  the  (704  B)  composition 
of  saffron. 

ON  SPREADING  GILT 

Spreading  gilt:  let  petals  be  made  of  tin  thus. 
Melt  the  tin  well,  spread  out  gradually  on  a  marble 
surface  and  make  thin  leaves  as  in  the  case  of  glass 
and  set  them  like  goldfoil,  as  above  mentioned.  And 


From  Codex  LucensiSj  490  121 

(704  C)  boil  the  herb  celandine  and  of  the  strained 
concoction  use  three  ounces,  saffron  three  sous,  orpi- 
ment  one  sou. 

CHRYSOCOLL 

Chrysocoll  for  all  combinations:  reduced  copper 
one*  ounce,  oil  soap  (704  D)  three  sous,  calcothar 
one  sou.  First  mix  these  ingredients,  then  rub  suit- 
ably the  copper,  powder  the  calcothar  at  the  same 
time,  mix  the  chrysocoll  with  soap  and  the  necessary 
quantity  of  water. 

ON  ANOTHER  KIND  OF  CHRYSOCOLL 
(704  E) 

Another  chrysocoll:  roasted  copper  one  pound, 
alum  two  sous.  On  chrysocoll:  gold  is  mixed  with 
quick  silver,  next  it  enters  a  cup  till  the  quick  silver 
is  hot,  then  take  out  the  gold,  rub  it  cleanly  in  a 
mortar  till  it  is  reduced  to  a  powder;  then  mix  it 
with  oil  soap  so  much  as  the  chrysocoll  concoction 
requires.  (705  A). 

SILVER  CEMENT 

\ 

Silver  cement:  silver  two  parts  and  bronze  one 
part. 


122  A  Classical  Technology 

ANOTHER  SILVER  CEMENT  (705  B) 

Take  silver  mixed  with  quicksilver  and  put  in  a 
fire  till  the  quicksilver  dries  out,  then  grind  suit- 
ably till  it  powders:  mix  with  a  sufficiency  of  soap 
and  water. 

ON  CEMENT  FOR  BRONZE  (705  C) 

Cement  for  bronze:  bronze  one  pound,  lead  two 
pounds;  mix,  melt  the  bronze  first,  then  put  in  the 
lead,  mix  them  together. 

ON  CEMENT  FOR  TIN 

Tin  cement:  tin  two  parts,  and  lead  one  part. 

ON  CEMENT  FOR  STONE  (705  D) 

Stone  cement:  use  dry  powder  of  white  marble, 
and  take  isinglass  one  ounce,  oxglue  one  ounce,  put 
in  a  mixture  with  water,  heat  till  it  boils,  put  in 
powdered  marble  and  make  marble  cement. 

ON  CEMENT  FOR  STONE  (705  E) 

Stone  cement:  isinglass  two  ounces,  cheese  glue 
two  ounces  and  put  in  some  of  the  powdered  marble 
as  above. 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  123 

ON  WOOD  GLUE  (706  A) 

Now  for  wood  glue:  oxglue,  likewise,  isinglass, 
glue,  moreover  gold  and  silver  as  we  have  pointed 
out  before  on  gilding. 

ON  GLUEING  <OF  TIMBERS>    (706  B) 

Now  for  glueing  of  timbers  in  water:  isinglass 
one  ounce,  oxglue  one  ounce,  figjuice  one  ounce, 
spurge  sap  one  ounce;  mix  all  these  in  water  and 
boil  them.  Cement  for  carved  timber:  if  it  is  a 
timber  <you  are  using >  put  on  the  timber  one  of 
the  three  above  (mentioned  cements),  but  in  the 
case  of  bones,  use  on  the  timbers  cheese  glue  one 
ounce,  mixed  with  isinglass  two  ounces,  boil  down 
together  with  the  hot  glue :  heat  the  bones  moderate- 
ly and  put  on  the  cement.  (706  C). 

ON  THE  STONE  OREBUS 

The  stone  orebus,  which  the  Alexandrines  call 
calamine,  occurs  in  damp  places;  it  is  easy  to  crush, 
for  it  is  black  and  enters  into  a  soldering  of  silver. 
(706  D). 

ON  THE  AERITIS  STONE 

The  aeritis  stone  called  also  lencompandium :  for 
the  earth  in  which  it  occurs  is  green,  and  as  the 


124  A  Classical  Technology 

earth  grows  and  flowers,  (you  see  the  specimens) 
blooming  with  a  white  flower,  round  and  with  four 
points,  afterwards  it  contracts  and  becomes  a  stone, 
the  green  earth  reduces  (706  E)  the  brilliant  flower, 
and  then  are  produced  stones,  some  of  gold  color, 
others  apple  green,  others  celandine  colored,  others 
white:  they  emit  a  spark  when  struck.  From  them 
comes  quicksilver  in  the  months  of  April  and  May, 
when  the  hot  earth  has  an  abundance  of  flowers. 
Then  you  hollow  out  a  moist  spot  up  to  your  knee, 
open  the  earth  and  you  will  find  the  old  flowers, 
hardened  and  clinging  to  the  earth,  turned  in  (707 
A)  to  stone.  For  some  had  flowered  and  hardened 
and  had  not  clung  to  the  earth  but  had  remained 
like  pearls,  because  they  did  not  find  suitable  weath- 
er. Another  sort  flowers,  at  the  suitable  time,  like 
white  snow.  When  you  find  this  sort,  then  with 
the  help  of  a  spade  lift  it  out  of  the  earth  with  its 
flowers.  Put  in  a  marble  mortar,  and  when  filled, 
pour  in  water,  mix  thoroughly,  throw  out  the  earth 
which  is  in  it,  and  let  (707  B)  the  quicksilver 
remain.  There  will  come  forth  some  of  the  silver 
metal  when  the  mixture  begins  to  fire  up:  and  arti- 
sans run  and  gather  it. 

ON  THE  PUMICE  STONE 

The    pumice    stone    occurs    everywhere.      It    is 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  125 

crushed,  enters  into  a  new  cup,  is  put  on  a  furnace, 
heated  well,  covered  up  suitably  to  prevent  (707 
C)  the  ingress  of  any  filth.  Next  it  is  removed, 
ground  suitably  and  in  the  composition  of  gold  it 
enters  for  gum  into  the  mixture  of  calamine. 

ON  COMPOSITION  OF  ORPIMENT 

Composition  of  orpiment:  grind,  pure  quick- 
silver one  ounce,  gold  tremissis  (707  D)  and  one 
ounce:  and  you  beat  the  gold,  make  a  leaf,  put  the 
leaf  and  the  quicksilver  in  an  iron  trowel  and  heat 
till  the  gold  is  melted  and  mingled  with  the  quick- 
silver. Then  put  a  moderate  amount  of  the  orpi- 
ment in  the  trowel  with  the  quicksilver  mixture  and 
boil  thoroughly  (707  E)  and  shake  till  it  becomes 
pandius  (yellow  colored  ?). 

ON  ROASTED  COPPER 

Roasted  copper:  a  clean  leaf  is  made  out  of  the 
cleanest  copper  ore.  Put  clean  leaves  in  an  unused 
pot  and  also  native  sulphur.  First  spread  the  leaves 
ou.t  in  the  pot,  as  many  as  it  will  hold,  then  sprinkle 
(708  A)  sulphur,  then  place  the  petals  above  and 
so  continue  till  you  fill  the  pot.  After  that  put  the 
pot  in  a  glassblower's  furnace,  roast  for  four  days 
and  after  it  cools  off  break  up  Asiatic  alum  into 


126  A  Classical  Technology 

very  small  particles  to  suit  the  composition  of  sul- 
phur. At  the  same  time,  the  pot  is  covered  and 
smeared  with  clay  as  in  the  former  operation,  and 
is  roasted  for  six  days.  And  after  the  copper  is 
broken  into  (708  B)  particles,  melt  it. 

ON  ELECTRUM 

How  electrum  is  made :  you  put  two  parts  of  silver 
and  three  of  copper  ore,  and  three  of  gold,  gold  and 
copper  in  equal  weights. 

ON  GOLD  CEMENT  (708  C)   , 

Gold  cement  for  golden  stripe  pipes:  brine  one 
ounce,  roasted  copper  two  ounces,  efflorescence  of 
nitre  one  ounce,  oil  soap  without  lime  one  ounce, 
vitriol  two  sous,  vinegar  half  an  ounce,  water  one 
ounce:  mix;  let  grow  moderately  warm.  (708  D). 

ON  LITHARGE 

Litharge  composition:  one  kind  of  lead,  another 
of  silver.  The  one  you  make  of  lead  is  done  thus: 
compound  lead,  put  it  in  a  melting  pot  (let  the  lead 
be)  rather  the  feminine  sort  and  soft,  you  melt  it 
thoroughly  and  when  the  melting  is  complete  pound 
the  lead  with  a  wooden  pestle  (708  E)  and  heat  it. 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  127 

Put  on  some  ashes  with  living  coals  and  grind,  put 
on  some  more  ashes  and  do  not  cease  grinding  till 
it  is  powdered,  and  then  wash  it  in  water;  but  if 
you  wish  it  to  contract  and  thicken,  set  it  in  a  jar 
with  oil  and,  after  heating,  it  coagulates  and  when 
it  cools  down  break  the  jar  and  it  will  come  out  like 
something  crushed. 

ANOTHER  FORMULA  FOR  LITHARGE 

(709  A) 

Another  formula  for  litharge:  it  can  be  made 
out  of  silver  thus.  Melt  the  silver  and  the  impuri- 
ties that  come  out  of  it  grind  with  oil  inside  accord- 
ing to  the  former  recipe ;  it  grows  hotter  on  account 
of  the  potency  of  the  silver.  Lead  litharge,  on  the 
other  hand,  before  (709  B)  soldifying,  enters  with 
water  into  earthenware  bituminous  composition; 
but  you  must  use  it  as  you  please  after  it  contracts. 

ON  THE  ENCAUSTIC  PROCESS 

First  the  encaustic  for  silver,  bronze,  and  unwork- 
ed  ore.  You  beat  out  gold  and  make  thin  leaves, 
then  put  in  quicksilver  and  melt  the  (709  C)  leaves 
till  the  gold  is  dissolved :  but  if  there  is  a  .reduction, 
add  more  quicksilver  till  the  gold  is  roasted,  then 
put  in  an  earthenware  jar,  and  you  will  rub  one  jar 
against  another  one  till  there  is  a  thinning  process 
and  the  gold  mixes  with  the  quicksilver.  Then  you 


128  A   Classical  Technology 

will  rub  down  what  you  intend  to  gild,  besmear  it 
somewhat,  warm  it  and  strain  it  in  a  (709  D)  clean 
linen  cloth :  thus ;  you  wipe  off  all  the  remaining 
gold,  put  it  on  the  fire  and  test  it.  So  too,  you 
place  the  first  and  second  gildings  in  a  new  jar. 
But  when  it  has  once  been  slightly  besmeared,  rub 
it  down  with  an  iron  while  very  hot  and  it  is  thus 
colored,  then  add  crumbs  of  bread,  rub  thoroughly 
till  its  color  comes  out  quite  white. 

The  method  of  gilding  iron  is  similar;  but  it  is 
first  treated  (709  E)  with  alum.  You  take  a  por- 
tion of  vitriol,  a  moderate  amount  of  salt  and  just 
the  same  quantity  of  vinegar,  heat  in  a  cup,  and 
therewith  besmear  the  iron  which  you  will  gild. 
This  is  the  first  mode  of  gilding. 

But  whoever  gilds  glass,  take  one  portion  of 
isinglass,  and  one  of  almond  gum,  put,  pour  and 
boil ;  anoint  the  vessel ;  cut  some  fine  leaves  of  gold, 
place  them  in  a  position  like  what  you  wish  to  make. 
(710  A). 

In  the  same  way  you  wash  a  stone  or  a  piece  of 
wood  in  water  and  after  it  dries  off,  rub  it  down 
(so  too,  glueing  with  the  hematite  stone  or  with 
iron). 

! 
ON  CHRYSOGRAPHY 

Chrysography  foil:   take  some  petals  of  very  old 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  129 

saffron,  strip  off  its  flowers  and  then  rub  a  good 
while ;  take  an  egg,  open  it,  throw  away  immediately 
1  (710  B)  the  white  of  it,  catch  it  on  the  saffron  and 
rub  suitably,  besmear  and  lay  the  foils  over  it. 

ON  THE  THIRD  MODE  OF  CHRYSO- 
GRAPHY 

Third  chrysography :  take  quicksilver,  mix  with 
gold,  bury  it  (?)  rub  well  (710  C)  put  in  a  cup; 
set  on  the  coals  till  the  silver  dries  and  the  gold 
remains  feeble,  then  place  in  a  marble  mortar  and 
pound  the  gold  with  an  iron  pestle.  Place  in  water 
to  boil.  In  the  same  way,  put  in  the  composition 
gum  water,  rub  suitably,  then  set  in  a  small  flask 
and  (710  D)  and  hang  it  up  in  the  sun  wherever 
you  please  along  with  the  pen.  With  it  write  what 
you  please.  Compound  silver  and  bronze  in  the 
same  way. 

ON  DYEING  OF  LEAVES 

How  to  dye  tinfoil :  take  clean  saffron  one  ounce, 
good  split  orpiment  (710  E)  two  ounces,  grind,  put 
in  gum  one  half  ounce,  linseed  oil  one  half  ounce, 
rainwater  or  fresh  water;  mix  and  boil.  Then  mix 
the  compounds,  grind  well,  take  up  with  a  sponge, 
besmear  the  leaves  and  after  drying,  grease  again 
and  take  an  onyx  stone  polish  till  it  shines. 


130  A  Classical  Technology 

ON  SULPHUR  (711  A) 

How  sulphur  is  roasted :  boil  bacon  and  of  the  oil 
take  two  pounds,  of  sulphur  earth  four  pounds,  put 
in  a  melting  pot,  powder  the  earth  and  boil  a  second 
or  third  time,  pour  out  of  the  side.  (?).  (7116). 

ON  CALAMINE 

Calamine,  its  composition  is  as  follows:  clean 
bronze  one  pound,  calcothar  two  ounces,  efflorescence 
of  soda  one  ounce,  sulphur  one  ounce.  Put  these 
in  a  cup  and  they  will  be  melted  together  and  boiled 
till  the  bronze  and  calcothar  unite  by  burning,  and 
the  remainders  are  washed  namely  calamine  (just 
as  bronze)  one  part,  lead  one  part,  triturate  of  soda 
(711  C)  one  ounce,  calcothar  one  ounce,  efflores- 
cence of  soda  one  ounce.  When  these  have  been 
mixed  and  burned  combine  with  vinegar  set  in  the 
sun  and  dry  three  big  jars.  This  can  be  done  thus: 
take  soft  lead  melt  it  in  an  earthenware  jar  a  strong 
one  of  larger  size  so  as  to  endure  the  triturating 
process.  Take  a  pestle  and  put  coals  with  ashes  over 
the  (711  D)  lead  and  before  it  cools  stir  it  gently 
and  thoroughly  with  the  pestle  till  you  thin  out  the 
lead,  put  on  ashes  with  coals  and  rub ;  next  set  it 
on  a  wooden  platter,  wash  off,  then  make  the  com- 
pound in  a  new  melting  pot  along  with  sulphur  and 
boil  for  three  days. 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  131 

ON  THE  COMPOSITION  OF  THE 
EFFLORESCENCE  OF  SODA  (711  E) 

Composition  of  the  efflorescence  of  natural  soda: 
the  second  formula  which  is  much  sought  after: 
for  a  solder  for  gold  and  silver  or  bronze.  Egyp- 
tian soda  one  pound,  axlegrease  soap  without  lime 
one  pound,  rub  suitably  and  mix,  then  set  in  the 
sun  or  in  a  hot  place.  It  serves  for  gold  solder, 
there  are  also  compounded  for  silver  (on  account 
of  its  softness)  two  parts  of  soap  and  one  of  glass. 

ON  THE  COMPOSITION  OF  BRONZE 

(712  A) 

Composition  of  bronze:  copper  ore  two  parts, 
lead  one  part,  tin  one  part. 

ON  ANOTHER  FORMULA  FOR  MAKING 
BRONZE  (712  B) 

Anothr  composition  of  bronze:  copper  ore  two 
parts,  lead  one  part,  glass  one  half  and  tin  one  half ; 
mix  and  melt  and  fuse  in  accordance  with  the  meas- 
ure of  the  vessels.  It  serves  also  for  copper  ore 
cement  along  with  efflorescence  of  soda. 

ON  THE  COMPOSITION  OF  CINNABAR 

Composition  of  genuine  cinnabar:  take  of  clean 
foam  of  quicksilver  (712  C)  and  native  sulphur  one 


132  A  Classical  Technology 

part,  quicksilver  two  parts  and  pound  them.  Then 
take  sulphur  and  smokeless  too  because  ground  and 
mixed  sulphur  makes  color,  put  the  quicksilver  in  a 
not  full  flask  containing  less  than  two  ounces;  but 
if  it  is  of  larger  size  let  it  be  less  than  three  ounces. 
And  when  mixed,  stir  and  then  make  a  smaller  sized 
(712  D)  glassblower's  furnace  so  as  to  hold  even  a 
large  flask,  open  hole  where  the  jar  can  enter,  and 
break  up  some  canes  with  them,  fire  up  the  furnace 
and  make  another  opening  of  smaller  size  whence  the 
flame  can  escape  round  about.  This  is  the  sign  that 
the  boiling  is  in  progress:  when  you  see  where  the 
flask  has  less  of  the  porphyry  colored  smoke  (712  E) 
and  assuming  a  cinnabar  tint  cease  firing,  for  as  a 
result  of  much  fire  th'e  flask  bursts.  When  the  heat- 
ing is  complete  let  it  cool  off. 

HOW  TO  MAKE  VERDIGRIS 

How  to  make  verdigris :  take  strips  of  copper  ore 
and  scrape  them  off  well  and  hang  over  vinegar  and 
scrape  off  the  swelling  that  it  makes  and  gather. 
Composition;  of  verdigris;  two  ounces,  (713  A) 
clean  vitriol  four  ounces,  Egyptian  alum  two  ounces, 
batter  two  ounces.  Pound  the  batter  in  a  clean 
fashion  in  the  same  way,  but  mix  together  the  verdi- 
gris and  the  vitriol  and  take  oil  soap  three  ounces 
(713  B)  and  salt  one-half  an  ounce  and  unite  them 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  133 

to  the  three  drugs,  after  which  pound  and  mix  again 
carefully  with  soap  then  take  batter,  beat  it  up  as 
is  needed,  mix  with  the  aforesaid  drugs  and  rub 
carefully  and  let  it  rest  for  one  day. 

This  is  the  way  to  make  copper:  clean  urine  one 
pound,  let  it  (713  C)  rest,  skim  it  off  and  mix  with 
the  drugs  and  rub  a  good  while  if  the  melting 
pot  is  iron,  otherwise  put  it  in  one  of  earthenware 
and  boil  down  to  one-third.  Then  take  roasted 
gypsum  well  pounded,  put  in  a  half  an  ounce,  take 
the  concoction,  mix  gypsum  and  rub  a  good  while 
and  set  in  the  sun  and  when  it  contracts,  break  the 
drug  and  let  it  dry. 

HOW  TO  MAKE  DYE  (713  D) 

Composition  for  dye:  take  the  cleanest  lacquer 
one  pound  and  boil  down  with  skimmed  urine  five 
pounds  and  heat  it  cleanly,  but  do  not  let  it  boil 
excessively.  Then  take  clean  crab's  bones,  fire  them 
cleanly  (713  E)  and  rub  sufficiently,  mix  in  the 
lacquer;  take  similar  pbjects  fused  in  water,  liquify 
well,  let  the  liquification  be  fat.  Pound  them  to- 
gether thoroughly,  that  is  to  say  the  crab's  bones 
and  the  lacquer:  set  in  a  vessel  and  dry  the  dye 
mixture  suitably  in  the  sun  and  let  it  alone  for  three 
(714  A)  days  more  and  afterwards  stir  in  the  same 
way  and  let  alone  for  eight  days  more  and  stir  part 


134  A  Classical  Technology 

of  a  day.  Afterwards  take  out  some  of  it  and  put 
in  more  alum  and  make  thereof  another  dye,  put  it  in 
there  and  then  take  the  once  skimmed  urine,  and 
afterwards  set  in  a  copper  (714  B)  melting  pot. 
Take  the  purple  dye  and  wash  gently  once  in  water 
and  then  rub  suitably,  put  in  a  thin  cloth,  wash  the 
pot  in  the  urine  and  afterwards  with  pig's  blood, 
then  rub  and  grind  well  in  the  same  way :  dry  pig's 
blood  one  pound,  purple  fish  dye  three  ounces.  And 
next  (714  C)  wash  moderately,  dry,  put  in  a  melt- 
ing pot  and  have  it  boil  a  second  time  and  rub  in 
the  same  fashion  a  pound  of  shell  dye  along  with 
blood,  that  is  to  say  nine  ounces  of  the  shell  dye  and 
three  of  the  pig's  blood. 

ON  THE  PROPORTIONS  OF  VINEGAR 

The  proportions  of  vinegar:  and  put  together, 
put  in  the  same  dye  compound  (714  D)  as  much 
alum  as  you  please.  But  if  you  wish  to  dye  with 
greater  cleanliness,  put  them  in  one  pot  as  before; 
and  a  third  dye  can  be  made  the  same  way. 

ON  LIGHT  YELLOW  PORPHYRY 

Light  yellow  porphyry:  previously  however,  dip 
the  yellow  and  then  it  (714  E)  enters  the  compound 
in  which  porphyry  is  dipped. 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  135 

ON  THE  GOLD  VARNISHER 

Gold  varnisher :  pure  gold  mixed  with  quicksilver, 
ribbon  strips,  sponge  filaments,  whitelead,  quick- 
silver, hematite,  or  add  some  outline  drawing, 
laurel;  mix  in  the  fluid  state  (715  A),  surround 
with  raw  meat  if  you  desire. 

ON  GOLD  VARNISH 

Yellow  celandine  gold  varnish :  powder  of  rubbed 
gold  as  we  have  mentioned  above,  with  the  dried 
product  of  quicksilver  two  parts,  verdigris  one  part, 
then  (715  B)  mix  with  the  laurel  compound  and 
make  what  disposition  of  it  you  please. 

SILVER  VARNISHER 

Silver  varnisher:  mix  clean  silver  with  quick- 
silver, then  take  the  silver  and  grind  to  a  powder  and 
mix  with  the  laurel  compound  and  (715  C)  use  as 
you  please. 

ON  ANOTHER  SILVER  VARNISH 

Another  similar  formula  for  silver  varnish:  take 
clean  silver,  put  it  in  a  cup,  place  on  a  fire  till  the 
quicksilver  is  precipitated,  (715  D)  and  then  take 


136  A  Classical  Technology 

silver  two  parts  and  verdigris  one  part  add  some  of 
the  laurel  compound  and  arrange. 

ON  THE  STONE  CALLED   SMIRA 
(EMERY)  (715  E) 

The  stone  known  as  smira  sets  fire  to  all  glass. 

ON  THE  EARTH  WHICH  IS  CALLED 
LIMNIA 

The  earth  which  is  called  limnia.  which  is  white, 
reddish  color;  it  occurs  in  stony  places  and  you  rec- 
ognize by  these  signs.  When  water  is  poured  on  it, 
gives  forth  a  hissing  sound,  it  dyes  green  alum  and 
all  sorts  of  porphyry  and  golden  beryl,  also  onyx. 

Black  earth:  is  so  called  because  of  its  dusky 
color,  it  occurs  in  Egypt  and  Africa  and  in  India 
and  in  Italy,  is  found  in  (716  A)  wet  spots, 
in  valleys.  Out  of  it  is  obtained  a  red  dye,  mixed 
with  vinegar  and  heated  it  is  discolored  but  after- 
wards returns  to  the  scarlet  tint. 

On  the  focaria  stone:  the  stone  which  is  called 
focaria  (mica)  is  the  (716  B)  one  from  which 
bronze  is  to  be  had  by  heating.  And  there  is  another 
similar  variety  whence  are  emitted  rare  sparks  under 
a  blow ;  is  red  and  fiery,  of  a  coppery  color  and  when 
set  on  the  fire  for  testing,  it  takes  fire  and  does  not 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  137 

change  its  color.  It  is  then  gathered  and  worn  down 
fine,  and  this  mass  gathered  and,  along  with  ox  or 
goat's  dung,  covered  with  straw,  you  keep  on  fire 
for  two  days  and  three  (716  C)  nights  until  the 
dung  is  consumed.  Now  you  can  heat  it  in  the  fur- 
nace and  also  the  copper  as  well  as  lead;  after  it 
cools  off,  the  stone  which  has  by  this  time  been 
heated  is  picked  up.  And  as  a  first  weighing  you 
weigh  three  hundred  pounds  in  the  first  heating  in 
which  you  place  finely  divided  coal,  three  baskets- 
ful.  And  throw  on  bundles  of  cloth,  and  when  your 
masters  enter  the  works  and  cover  everything  with 
a  coating  (716  D)  of  wax,  let  it  stand  and  cool  off 
so  as  not  to  run  like  lead  or  hardened  wax,  because 
it  grows  stiff.  And  after  cooling  off,  break  it  into 
small  pieces,  melt  in  a  furnace  and  use  some  of  it. 
(7i6  E). 

SPLIT  STONE 

The  split  stone  (schist)  is  found  in  Cappadocia, 
Asia,  Iberia  and  Italy;  and  it  is  dusky  and  strong 
and  when  broken  into  small  pieces,  you  will  find  in 
it  white  veins,  but  when  it  is  set  on  fire  it  turns  red. 
The  Alexandrines  call  it  cathmia  because  it  melts 
glass;  moreover,  it  is  found  in  lofty  and  windy 
places;  it  is  a  porous  stone. 


138  A  Classical  Technology 

ON  THE  GAGATHES  STONE  (717  A) 

The  gagathes  stone  is  in  color  like  orpiment,  for  it 
is  not  so  very  green;  when  broken  it  emits  fire.  It 
is  divided  into  very  small  plates  wherefore  the  Alex- 
andrines call  it  smooth  stone  out  of  which  is  (717 
B)  made  waxmarble.  This  is  pounded  thin  and 
you  put  in  a  pound  of  the  stone  and  two  of  oxglue 
and  five  of  water  and  then  boil  continually  two  or 
three  times,  mix  and  you  will  get  waxmarble. 

TRACHIAS  STONE 

The  trachias  stone  is  found  everywhere,  is  green, 
split,  dusky;  when  burned  it  turns  white.  It  is 
employed  in  calamine,  in  the  process  of  (717  C) 
cleaning  silver. 

GLOSSARY 

A  for  ad  711  E  (twice),  712  B.  To.  K  153,  ML 
136. 

Abdum  700  D,  for  Addum.  While,  until.    NEW. 

Abietiam  686  E,  adj.  from  abies.  Made  of  fir. 
Star  K  34,  ML  25.  * 

Ablative  for  Accusative.  690  D,  690  E,  692  C, 
698  A,  699  D,  700  B,  700  D,  701  A. 

Ablative  for  Nominative.  21 1  V°  I,  684  Aextr., 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  139 

685  C,  686  E,  687  A,  687  B,  (twice)  688  B,  688  C, 
688  E,  690  A,  692  C,  694  A,  705  B. 

Accusative  for  Nominative.  21 1  V°.  I.  ibid.  II, 
676  A,  679  B,  693  E,  698  C,  702  E,  706  D,  707  A. 

Acerinus  (eerinum,  Cod.)  682  D.  Made  of 
maplewood.  Star  K  116,  not  in  ML. 

Acetum,  passim.  Vinegar.  K  120,  ML  98. 

A  cmattita  710  A.   See  Aematita.  (Hematite). 

Acrestis  696  E.  Unripe.  Star  ML,  not  in  K. 
NEW.  Agrestis  has  been  influenced  by  acer. 

Adamans  702.    Diamond  (?).   K  159,  ML  142. 

Adequetur  687  E.  Level  up,  smooth  off.  K.  155, 
ML  138. 

Adiuxtantem  684  B.  Neighboring.  See  K  5243 
(Star),  not  in  ML. 

Adluminentur  691  A.  Take  on  a  bright  color? 
NEW.  Connection  with  alumen? 

Adpariscant  687  E.  Appear.  Cf.  K  746.  ML 
536  (star). 

Adplanare  690  A.  Smooth  off,  plane  off. 

Adsuccare  691  B.  Dry  off.  NEW.  Correct  (in 
part)  K  3494,  ML  3073. 

Adtenuare  675  B,  711  D.  Attenuate,  make  thin. 

Aematita,  emathitis,  [a]ematita,  e[t]matita,  etc., 
passim.  Hematite.  K.  4448,  ML  3975. 

Aeramen,  eramen,  eramen,  etc.,  passim.  Copper. 
K  320,  ML  242. 

Aeramentum,  variant  of  aeramen. 


A  Classical  Technology 

Aeramentinum,  675  A.  Made  of  copper.  NEW. 
(Heramentinum,  Cod). 

Aeritis,  aeri[e]tis  706  D.    See  Comm. 

Aestuatio  676  E(uestuationem,  Cod.).  Heat. 
Rare  in  this  sense. 

Aforas  211  V°.   I.  Outside.   K  199,  not  in  ML. 

Afronitrum  708  C.   Efflorescence  of  natrum. 

Agralia  787  D.  Rustic.    Rare. 

Agutum  706  D.  Sharp.  Old  Italian.  K.  152, 
ML  135. 

Ainguis  679  E.    Error  for  tinguis.  dye. 

Ala  690  E.  A<cu>la  or  for  aAa??.  Needle  or 
egg-shell?  Or  for  novacula?  (Knife)  or  <p>ala? 
(Spade,  Shovel,  K  6788,  ML.  6154.) 

Albidiante  696  D.  White.   NEW. 

Albumen  693  D.  White  of  the  egg.  K  419,  not  in 
ML. 
•  Alithinus,  passim.   Genuine. 

Alitus  676  B.  Error  for  aliter;  here  means  else- 
where. 

Allebat  707  A.  Lift  up.  K  494,  ML  359. 

Alumen  passim.   Alum.  ML  389,  not  in  K. 

Aluminare  679  E  (adluminentur  691  A?).  Treat 
with  alum. 

Aluminatio  687  A.  Treatment  with  alum,  appli- 
cation of  alum.  NEW. 

Amba  690  E,  ambas  698  C.  Both.  K  586,  ML 
411. 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  14! 

Amfions  711  C,  an<for>um  683  B,  i.  e.  amforas. 
Jars.  K  612,  ML  429. 

Amigdalina  692,  A.  of  Almond. 

Amixtus  (i.  e.  a<d>mixtus)  712  C.  Mixed. 

Ammonia,  passim.  Ammoniac  gum. 

Amodis  (read  a<d>modum)  684  A.  To  a  de- 
gree. 

Amoraque  695  E.  hamoraque,  humoraque,  etc. 
Means  umor  aquae.  See  Flore  ague? 

Ampulla,  ambulla  712  D.  Small  flask.  K  616. 
ML  398. 

Amygdala  passim,  a[c]micdala,  a[c]migdale.  Al- 
mond. K  619,  ML  431. 

Anamemigmenos  682  C,  i.  e.  dva^e/wy/AeVos.  Mix- 
ed, as  Latin,  NEW. 

Anis  696  D.  Meaning? 

Antismis  682  C.  Flowery  discourse. 

Apis  687  B.  Bee. 

Apium  696  C.  Parsley. 

Aque  f oleum  695  A.  a  plant  <  ((>8pe'A<uoi>.) 

Arbor  686  D,  Corr.  from  albor.  Cf.  Sp.  albur, 
e.  g.  in  Alburquerque.  K  801,  ML  606. 

A[r]dasta  701  E,  i.  e.  adusta.  Scorched.  ML 
212,  not  in  K. 

Argilla  708  A.  Clay.  K  839,  ML  641. 

Aside  682  D.  Asiatic. 

A<d>ter[r]es  696  E.  Grind. 

Asianus,  passim.  Asiatic. 


142  A  Classical  Technology 

Atmassonas  686  E.  Knead.    NEW. 

Atrin[i]a  686  E.  Read  acerina,  of  maple,  maple 
gum. 

A[u]cu  691  B.  Needle.  K  148,  ML  130. 

A[u]<risto>loc<h>ias  (?)  692  D.  A  plant. 

Auricalca  692  A.  Brazen. 

Auricalcus  684  C.  Brass.  K  1062,  ML  792. 

Auricella  690  A.  Colander. 

Auricolores  693  C.  Of  golden  color. 

Auripigmentum   passim,  auri[c]    picmentum  &c, 
Orpiment  listed  neither  by  K  nor  ML. 

Axis  693  E.  Board,  (assis,  K  971,  ML  732). 

Axungia  687  B,  697  B.  Axlegrease.  K  1112,  ML 
846. 

Balsamum  682  D.  Balsam.  K  1196,  ML  918. 

Banga  707  A,  i.  e.  vanga.  Spade.  K  9983. 

Battere  passim,  battuta  690  E,  pabtis  688  B.  Beat. 
K  1278,  ML  996. 

Bene  675  C.  Very.  K  1315,  ML  1028. 

Bersa  691  A,  i.  e.  versa.  Pour.  K  10089. 

Bermiculum  678  A.  Vermillion,  K.  10075. 

Bizantium   687    D.    Byzantine.     K    1677,    ML 
1436. 

Blutem  689  E.  Yolk  of  an  egg.    NEW. 

Or  connected  with  blitum  K   1479,   ML   1173 
(amaranth)  ? 

Bobinus  688   D  and  passim   Bovine,   pertaining 
cows.  ML  1247,  not  m  K. 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  143 

Bolus  696  E.  Clod. 

Bonus,  passim.  Good.  K  1506,  ML  1208. 

Brandisi  712  A.  Bronze  K  1586,  not  in  ML; 
meaning  not  listed  in  the  Thesaurus  Linguae  La- 
tinae. 

Bullire,  bollire  passim.   Boil.  K  1643,  ML  1389. 

Cabi,   gabus   687   C,   i.   e.   cubus.     A   measure. 

Caccabus   passim.     Melting   pot.   K    1686,    ML 

H45. 

Cadmia,  cathmia  &c,  passim.  Calamine.  K  1692, 
ML  1453. 

Calam<inth>a  707  C,  galmidam  696  D.  Cala- 
minth,  German  Galmei. 

Calcitarin  684  E,  calcitarium  &  cacitarium  704 
D.  Calcothar. 

Calcucecaumenon  707  E.  Reduced  metallic  cop- 
per: i.  e.  xaXK°v  KCKavftevov.  As  Latin,  NEW. 

Calcetis  683  C,  i.  e.  chalchitis.  Copper  ore. 

Calda<ria>m  703  A.  Cauldron.  K  1741,  ML 
1503. 
Calefoc  709  E  Heat.  ML  1507,  not  in  K. 

Calens  passim.  Warm:  Hispanic  form.  K  1749, 
ML  1510. 

Caliclus  711  B,  calicla  677  C.  Small  cup.  ML 
1513,  not  in  K. 

Calitudo  676  E.  Heat.   NEW. 

Cameleonta  698  E,  i.  e.  \aiuuXiovra.  Carline 
thistle. 


144  A  Classical  Technology 

Camenus  701  D.  Oven.  K  1888,  ML  1549. 

Cancer,  cranci  713  D,  grand  713  E.  Crab.  K 
1816,  ML  1574.  3  (crancer  has  star). 

Caninus  678  E.  Canine,  dogs.  ML  1590,  not  in  K. 

Cantirius  693  E.  Rack,  "horse."  K  1850,  ML 
1615. 

Capet  707  E.  Holds,  Sp.  cabe.  K  1869,  ML  1625. 

Capitulum  703  D.  Chief  ingredient.  K  1882, 
ML  1640-1. 

Cappela  691  B.  Capellatum  688  E.  Cut.  K  1905, 
ML  (star)  1646. 

Cappo  707  B,  i.  e.  cuppo.  Cup.  Cf.  K  2693,  ML 

2409- 

Caprinus  678  D.  Goat's.  K  1894  A,  ML  1654. 

Cata  690  E.  According  to.  K  2002,  ML  1755. 

Catia  701  D,  caga  688  A.  Caza  or  cacza  in  MS 
A.  1 6.  Small  spoon.  K  2129,  ML  2434.2. 

Caucalide  698  B,  cuocalida  698  C.  i.  e.  /cav/coAis. 
A  plant,  Plin.  N.  H.  XXII  83. 

C[a]ucumarum  700  E.  Pot.  K  2650,  ML  2361. 

Cebellino  683  D,  i.  e.  cebollino.  Onion  green.  K 
2082,  ML  1820. 

Celedonia  704  C.  Celandine.  K  2131,  ML  1870. 

[C]emcausis  709  C,  i.  e.  ey/cawts.  Encaustic. 

Cerasi  691  E.  Cherry.  K  2084,  ML  1824. 

Cerrinurn  (?)  683  D.  Turkey  oak.  See  Plin.  N. 
H.  XXX  92.  K  2102,  ML  1838. 

Chisimon  715  A.  Fusible.  NEW. 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  145 

Cianus  686  C,  i.  e.  /cvavos.  Blue  dye. 

Cinus  708  E,  cinos  711  A  &  D.  Ashes.  K  2194, 
ML  1929. 

Cipressinus  696  C.  Cf.  cypress. 

Circinare  690  E.  Cut.  ML  1941,  star  K  2207. 

Citrinus  714  D.  cidrinus  ibid.  Lemon  yellow. 
K  2224,  not  in  ML. 

Cl.  bus  687  D.  (dibus  in  the  corresponding  pas- 
sage of  A  16)  :  due  to  a  misunderstanding  or  miss- 
reading  of  di<ce>bamus  abbreviated  in  the  arche- 
type. 

Cluta,  see  gluten. 

Coccarin  (like  iarim  &  c)  699  E,  coccum  passim. 
Scarlet  berry.  K  2286,  ML  2009. 

Cocudera  696  D.  Cf.  Ducange  Med.  Grace.  Lex. 
KOKKovSiov  &c.  Nucleus,  kernel.  In  Latin,  NEW. 

Col[e]a<t>  687  A.  Strain  out.  K  2330,  ML 
2035- 

Coloridietur  675  D.  Color.  NEW. 

Columbinus  678  E.  Dove's.  ML  2064,  not  in  K. 

Comminute  (cum-Cod.)  708  A.  In  very  small 
pieces.  NEW. 

Commiscere  passim.  Mix.  Seems  to  be  inflected 
now  according  to  the  second,  now  the  third  Con- 
jugation. 

Commiscuatur  707  D.  Mix,  cf.  promiscuus  or 
perhaps  [u],  as  indicated  by  commiscatur  709  C. 


146  A  Classical  Technology 

Comodo  708  B,  711  A.  How,  as.  K  7686,  ML 
6972. 

Co[n]ccina  680  C,  influenced  by  concha.  Scarlet. 
K  2285,  ML  2113. 

Config[l]antur  675  C.  Combine,  attach  oneself. 

Confrangis  674  E.  Break  up.  Late  and  rare. 

Coniunxerunt   707.   Reached,   attained,   cf.    Ital. 
giungere.  K  2423,  ML  2150. 

Conquilium,    coquilium,    (star   K   2288,    not   in 
ML),  conquilius  passim. 

Purple  shellfish  or  dye  made  from  it. 

Contena  691  A.  Tongs.  NEW.  Cf.  K  2461. 

Contina  691  A.  Hold.  Cf.  K  2461  with  star,  not 
in  ML.  NEW. 

Craberillium  (leg.  chrysoberillium)  715  E.  Gold- 
en beryl. 

Cranci  713  D.  Crab.  See  cancer. 
Crepidinosus  716  E.  May  mean  full  of  cracks  or 
making  a  crackling  sound.  NEW. 

Crisoclabum  708  C,  grisoclabi  ibid.  Having  gold- 
en stripes.  NEW. 

Chrisopandio  715  E.  Yellow  celandine.  NEW. 

Crisopetala  704  C,  grisopetala  ibid.   Gold   foil. 
NEW. 

Crisorantista  714  E.  Maker  of  gold  varnish. 

Criuella  693  B,  cribellatum  694  BC.  Sift.  Cf, 
K  2603,  ML  2320-21. 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  147 

Crocus  passim,  gracum  &  grocum  703  E.  Saffron. 
K  2618,  ML  2337- 

Crosa  675  A.  Hollow.  Star  K  2620  tho  listed 
by  Ducange  anno  1223:  not  in  ML. 

Crucatim  675  D.  With  a  hook.  Starred  by  K 
2613,  not  listed  by  ML.  NEW. 

Cui  702  D.  May  be  dative  or  accusative.  K  7665. 
2.,  ML  6953. 

Cu  689  D  for  the  usual  cum.  With.  K  2672,  ML 

2385. 

Cuse  679  A.  Beaten.  Nominative  absolute :  Italian 
symptom. 

Custum  698  A,  for  tuscum.  Froth.  K  9835,  cf. 

953L 

Domitted:  a<d>  711  E,  712  B. 

D<ecl>ama<tio>  682  A.  Declamation  (pro- 
batio  pennae).  (Dedamia,  Cod.). 

Dantralasis  686  E  stands  perhaps  for  dendroides, 
spurge  or  euphorbia. 

Da[u]f[fi]ra  714  E,  da[u]fra  715  B,  da[au]f 
[i]ra  715  BC,  d[e]a[u]f[i]ra  715  D.  i.  e.  fttyin?. 
Laurel. 

De  with  the  accusative,  passim. 

De  with  the  nominative:  68 1  E,  682  B  &  C, 
673  E,  675  D,  676  B  &  D,  677  A  &  B,  678  A  (three 
times),  680  A,  B,  C,  681  D,  683  B  &  C,  684  C,  D 
&  E,  685  A  (three  times),  685  C,  685  E  (twice), 
686  A  (twice),  686  B,  687  E,  688  B,  691  C  &  D, 


148  A  Classical  Technology 

702  A  &  D,  703  D,  704  A,  B,  C,  D  &  E,  705  A, 
B,  C,  D  &  E,  705  A,  B,  C,  D  &  E,  706  A,  B,  C 
&  D,  707  B  &  E,  708  D,  709  A  &  B,  710  D,  711 
A  &  D,  712  A  (twice),  B,  E,  713  D,  715  A  &  C, 
716  E,  717  A  &  C.  The  vast  majority  of  these 
occurrences  are  found  in  captions  and  may  be  at- 
tributed to  carelessness  or  may  be  corrected  away 
by  adding  <ne>,  but  some  do  not  yield  to  this 
treatment  and  must  be  set  down  to  the  Italian 
authorship  of  the  translation. 

Deauratura  689  C.  Gilding.  NEW.  The  verb 
deaurare  occurs,  passim. 

Deinfra  713  A.  Within  a  given  space.  Low  Latin. 

Deintro  687  E.  Within,  inside.  Sp.  dentro. 

Delabas  (-u-  Cod.)  677  D.  Wash  off. 

Del<euic>atum  (?)  683  B.  Lyhten,  reduce. 
NEW.  See  Lebicatum. 

Deliquatio  713  E.  Straining  off.  NEW. 

Denante  688  D.  Before.  K  2760. 

Depost  679  E.  After.  K  Col.  334  top. 

Des  688  E,  i.  e.  de  ex.  From.  K  2793,  ML  2514. 

Desiccatio  715  A.  Powder  (glossed  puluer). 
NEW. 

Desolbatur  694  B,  is  merely  an  orthographic  vari- 
ant of  dissoluere.  Dissolve. 

Desub  677  C.  Under. 

Desuccare  681  B,  683.  Dry. 

Desubtus  688  AB.  Below,  under. 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  149 

Desuper  688  A.  Above. 

Deuncto  698  E.  Without  grease.    NEW. 

Deyrinum  683  D,  i.  e.  duracinum.  Peachtree. 
K3I52,  ML  2803. 

Di  693  E,  695  A,  698  E,  for  de.  From,  of. 
(Italian  form).  K  2760,  ML  2748. 

Di[m]ipsim,  see  psimitthim. 

Dimundia  713  C,  i.  e.  dimidia,  error  due  to  an 
abbreviation.  Half.  K  2979,  ML  2644. 

Discopertum  699  A.  Uncovered.  K  2696,  ML 
2659. 

Disculum  701  .   See  Vero  disculum. 

Dis  [s]  aperies  706  E.  Open.    NEW. 

Dissobog<l>auto  686  E.  Error  for  a  nonquo- 
table  Sio-o-o/SovyAwo-o-os.  Double  oxtongue.  NEW. 

Diunde  693  E,  for  deunde. 

Dracontea  682  C.    Dragon-wort. 
Dragantum  692,  dracantum  689  A.    Seems  to  result 
from    a  fusion    of  draconem    with  tragacanthum. 
Dragon-wort  or  tragacanth-gum.    See  K  3104,  ML 
2759- 

Ebilat  716  A,  i.  e.  Hevilath  or  Havilah.  India. 
Hieron.  ad  Rustic.  3  (torn.  I  928  C)  ;  de  situ  et 
nomm.  locc.  Hebr.  (torn.  Ill  199  def,  211  h). 

Eerrinum  683  D.  may  stand  for  acerinum  or  cer- 
rinum  q.  v. 

Eg  678  E,  for  <ha>ec.    This. 


150  A  Classical  Technology 


\ 


Egrotus  696  A.   Sickened,  weakened.  K  308,  ML 

231. 

Eleacoside    684    A    reproduces    a    nonquotable 
eAea/coenS?;.  An  olive-like  pomegranate.    NEW. 

Elet[a]rum  708  A.  Electrum. 

Elimpidatum  683  C.   Clear.   Rare. 

Elydrium  &c  passim.  Celandine.  See  Lagerkrantz 
p.  191. 

Eramentio  689  B, — tium  689  C  eramentio  688 
A.   Made  of  copper.     NEW. 

Eritarin  685  A,  eritarum  703  C.  Kaolin?    New. 

<E>scolare  687  A.    Strain  out.    ML  298,  cf. 
K  2330. 

Ex  with  the  genitive  712  C. 

Exalbidus  676  C.     Very  white.   (K  412,  not  in 
ML).  Cf.  Subalbidus,  ibid. 

Exalbinus  696  C.    Very  white.    Cf.  exalbidus. 

Exarderit  697  A  for  exarserit  or  [ri] . 

Exauratio  703  BDE,  exorationis  704  B.  gilt,  gild- 
ing.  CF.   ML.   2941. 

Exauratus  706  A.  Gild.  ML  2942. 
Excalefacias  708  C.  Heat.  Star  ML  2947.   NEW. 
NEW. 

Excaliscente  706  E.   Grow  hot.    Star  ML  2948. 

Exinde  713  E,  715  B.   Thereof,  of  it. 

Exmodice  682  D  extr.    To  a  very  moderate  de- 
gree.   NEW. 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  151 

Exnerbiatum  698  D,  exnerbiata  699  A.  Enfeebled. 

Cf.    iKVCOflfav.     NEW. 

Ex<si>milem  696  E.   Very  like.    NEW. 

Exstrinxerit  713  C.   Bind.   NEW. 

Extemperasse  691  B,  i.  e. — See.  Complete  the  dis- 
temper. NEW. 

Extenuatun  683  B.  Thinned  out,  weakened.  ML 
3085. 

Externitum  704  A.  Deprived  of  its  tarnish. 
NEW.  Cf.  K  9394. 

Externiture  ibid.  Removal  of  tarnish.  Cf.  K 
9394-  NEW. 

Extepefacta  703.    Warm  up.    NEW. 

Exterges  709  D.  Wipe  off.    K.  3502,  ML  3088. 

Facere  passim,  faciatur  688  E.  Make.  K  3570, 
ML  3128. 

Faciam  675  B.  Face.  K  3563,  ML  3130. 

Femum  688  D.  Dung.  K  3770,  ML  stars  femus 

3311-2. 

Fenestrella  712  D.  Opening.  If  not  for  fenestella. 
NEW. 

Ferrea  687  E,  691  A.  Of  iron.  K  3699,  ML 
3259.  . 

Fersa  690  A.  Heated.  Star  K  3710,  cf.  ML  3265. 

Fiere  688  D.  Make. 

Ficarim  686  C,  713  D.  (</>i3/co?)  Dye.  In  Latin, 
NEW. 

Flore  aque  695  E.  Waterflower.  (Nonquotable). 


152  A  Classical  Technology 

Focaria  716  A.  Mica.  K  3868.  Cf.  ML  3398. 
Focarius  691  A.  Hearth.  See  above. 
Foliam  697  D.  Leaf.  K  3885,  ML  3415. 
Foras  692  A,  foris  707  A.  Outside.  K  3900,  ML 

3431- 

Forforitico  692  C,  leg.  por — 

Fornax  674  E.  Furnace.  K  3926,  ML  3451. 

Fracilis  702  C,  i.  e.  fragilis  influenced  by  flacidus. 
K  3941-  ML  3465-3471- 

Fresa  694  D.  Bean.  K  3977,  ML  3498. 

Frut[r]ices  686  D.  Shrubs. 

Furtis  716  E.  Strong.  K  3932,  ML  3457. 

<Gan>gaddian  696  D.  Mixture  of  clay  and 
gravel. 

Gagatis,  etc.  686  A.  Jet.  K  4112  A,  ML  3635. 

Gagizon  684  C.  Jetcolored.  NEW.  (Gaga<ti> 
zon). 

Gallinacium  678  E,  688  E,  689  E.  Hen's. 

Galmidam  696  D.  Calaminth.  (Cal<a>mi 
<nth>am). 

Gemmamfen]  707  C.  Gem.  K  4208,  ML  3725. 

Genucalum  706  E.  Knee.  K  4227,  ML  3737. 

Geropha<lum>  696  D.  Gillyflower.  K  1977, 
ML  1727. 

Gestatu  211  III.  i.  e.  y^s  doWpos,  terra  stellaris. 
Dust  of  meteoric  iron. 

Gigea  696  E,  zigea  ex  zigeo  686  E.  Chaste  tree 
(71706,).  NEW. 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  153 

Giniperum  687  B.  Juniper.  K  5225.  star  ML 
4624.2. 

Glutem  etc.  passim.  Glue.  K  4282,  ML  3806. 

[Gri]  aridum  714  B.  Dry.  K  841,  ML  644. 

Gribella  692  A,  i.  e.  cribella.  Sift. 

[Hjabetem  677  B.  Firtree.  Low  Latin.  K  33, 
ML  24.2. 

[H]alei<faris>  21 1  III.  Fat.  In  Latin,  NEW. 
SeePlin.  N.  H.  xxxvi  181. 

Hedria  686  E,  i.  e.  /ceSpt'a.  Cadartree  or  the  pitch 
from  it. 

Heramen.    See  Aerarnen. 

He<t>gabus  687  C.  i.  e.  habet  cubus.  See 
cubus. 

Hornizas  211  II,  i.  e.  hormizas.  adaptation  of 
bpfu£a>.  Anchor.  NEW. 

[H]ox[s]i  714  C,  i.  e.  o£ov«.  Vinegar. 

[HJocsuporfiron  687  C,  i.  e.the  Iate6£[o]v7ro/3<£v- 
pov.  Of  deep  porphyry  color.  NEW. 

Indicum  A.    Indigo.  K  4894,  ML  4377. 

Inglutinas  (incl-Cod.)  706  B.  Glue.     NEW. 

Inlucidare  692  A.  Varnish.    NEW. 

Inluminatione  687  C.    Illumination? 

Inquoad  707  B,  i.  e.  incohat.  Begins.  K  4831, 
ML  4359  a. 

Interrationem  710  B.  Putting  in  the  ground. 
NEW. 

Intro  691  A,  691  E.  Within.  K  5110,  ML  4514. 


154  A  Classical  Technology 

Intrantem  700  E.  Ingredient.  NEW.  K  5107, 
ML  4504. 

Is<s>a  701  A,  i.  e.  ipsa.  The.  K  5146,  ML 
4572. 

[I]smir[on]i[e]nam  675  B.  Of  emery.  NEW, 
on  the  analogy  of  the  neighboring  plumbinam,  pecu- 
liar form  due  to  a  pair  of  corrections  which  have 
slipped  down  into  the  text. 

Ja<m>  701  E.  Now.  K  5171,  ML  4572. 

Jarim  695  A,  699  C,  712  E,  713  A.  Verdigris. 
(tipw).  NEW. 

Josu<m>  701  D,  703  B.  Above.  K  2871,  ML 
2567.2. 

Jotta  678  C  &  E,  679  BC,  680  A,  C,  D,  695  B. 
Broth.  ML  4636,  not  in  K. 

Juxta  685  E.  According  to,  along  with.  K  5242, 
ML  4644. 

Laboras  702  D.  i.  e.  labores.  Work.  K  5356,  ML 
4809. 

Lacca  680  D,  699  F,  700  C,  713  D.  Lac,  lacquer. 

Lamna,  passim.  Strip.  K  5406,  ML  4869. 

Lamnizas  693  E.  Cut  into  strips.  NEW. 

Laucidis  696  D,  i.  e.  Aeu/ca8ios.  Asphodel.  In 
Latin  NEW. 

Lazuri  698  B,  699  D,  lazurin  698  A,  700  A. 
Azure.  K  5495,  ML  4959. 

Lazurizonta  699  D,  i.  e.  Xa&pi&vTa.  Azure, 
blue.  In  Latin  NEW. 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  155 

Lebatum  677  A.  Error  for  lauatum.  Wash.  K 
5488,  ML  4951. 

Lebicatum  683  C.  Reduced,  alloyed.  Better  than 
K  5548,  ML  5002.  (With  stars).  NEW. 

Letatur  708  A.  Besmear.  K  5383:  ML  4846. 

Lima  692  C.  File.  K  5597,  ML  5042. 

Limare  ibid.  To  file.  K  5598,  ML  5043. 

Limnas  685  B,  error  for  lamnas. 

Limnia  715  E,  i.  e.  Lemnia  (terra).  Reddish- 
white  earth. 

Lineleon,  passim,  linei  703  D,  lineileum  7°3  D. 
Linseed  oil.  NEW. 

Reproduces  a  nonquotable  Atvc'Acuov ;  cf .  pisselaeon, 
cedor  oil. 

Lineum  688  C.  Flaxen.  K  5621,  ML  5064. 

Litra  687  C,  i.  e.  \lrpa.  Pound.  In  Latin  NEW. 

Lixare  689  A  &  C.  Smooth,  polish,  NEW.  Cor- 
rect K  5641,  ML  5081. 

Lucida  689  E,  lucidus  689  E,  691  E.  Varnish. 
K  5708,  ML  5140. 

Lulax,  lulacim,  lulacerin  passim.  Lilac,  vegetable 
indigo.  New.  (K  5594,  not  in  ML).  See  713  A. 
Lulax  idest.  jndicum. 

Luza  678  E.  Syriac  for  almond.  NEW. 

Magic  706  E.  Month  of  May.  K  5815,  ML  5250. 

Magma  698  C.  Unguent  dregs. 

Manare  701  C.  Flow.  Cf.  K  5865,  not  in  ML. 

Mantica  696  C.  Cheese.  K  5914,  ML  5327. 


156  A  Classical  Technology 

Marcescit  676  E.  Wither.  K  5938,  not  in  ML. 

Mastalo,  701  B,  for  masculo.  Male,  strong.  K 
5988,  ML  5392. 

Matiola  690  E.  Small  hammer.  NEW.  Star  K 
6001,  not  in  ML. 

Medicamen  679  A.  Drug.  K  6035  A,  ML  5456. 

Medicamentum  679  C.  Drug.  K  6036,  ML 
5456  A. 

Medicatio   (-itat-Cod.)   678  D.  Mixture. 

Mela  686  D,  for  melina,  yellow?  See  below. 

Melinus  passim.  Does  it  mean  apple  green  or 
honey  yellow?  See  K  6063,  not  registered  by  ML. 

Metallata  716  D.  Hardened  like  metal.  NEW. 

Metallizatur  684  E.  Harden  like  metal.  NEW. 

Metrum  690  D.  Measure.  K  6142,  ML  5553. 

Milum  689  E,  i.  e.  /^AAa.  Grease.  NEW. 

Minutatim  716  C.    In  small  pieces. 

Minutis  716  C.  Reduce  to  small  size.  New. 
Stars  K  6202,  ML  5598. 

Minutos  691  A.    Small.   K  6204,  ML  5600. 

Montuosos  676  A.  Mountainous.  Incorrectly 
starred  by  K  6385,  not  in  ML, 

Mordace  702  C.  Tongs.  NEW.  See  K  6297 
and  especially  ML  5678. 

Moro  clossus  686  D,  i.  e.  monoglossus.  Of  one 
petal.  NEW. 

Multum  717  A.   Very.    K  6361,  ML  5740. 

Mundatio  717  C.  Cleansing. 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  157 

Mundi.  anis  696  D  perhaps  for  medianis.  Half, 
ordinary.  K  6033,  ML  5452. 

Musibum  675  A.  Mosaic.  K  6410,  ML  omits  it. 

Mutuosa  676  A.  motuosus  ibid.   Friable.   NEW. 

Nascit  676  D.   Occur.   K  6455,  ML  5832. 

Negra  687  B.  Black.  K  6536,  ML  5917. 

Netrina  697  B.   Of  nitrum.    NEW. 

Neulacis  698  E,  699  B.  tapsia  plant.  In  Latin 
NEW. 

Nobacula  683  A.  Knife.  K  6578,  ML  5965. 
Confined  to  Iberia.  (?) 

Nominare  715  E.   Name.   K  6565,  ML  5950. 

Ogrea  686  C,  i.  e.  ^a.  Ochre.  In  Latin.  NEW. 

Ogris[os]sun[t]  684  E,  i.  e.  nonquotable  wxpi£a>v. 
Yellow,  NEW. 

Oligine  686  D,  perhaps  for  oliagine,  but  A  1 6 
has  olicini.  Oily.  NEW. 

Or  rather  adapted  from  eAaiayvos,  sort  of  chaste- 
tree. 

Omam  7 1 1  A.  i.  e.  autem.    Now ;  but. 

Omni<f>aciem  687  B.   Of  every  sort.    NEW. 

Omni[a]colores686C.  Of  every  hue.    NEW. 

Onicinus  689  A.   Of  onyx. 

Operari  passim.   Work.   K  6704,  ML  6071. 

Orebus  706  C.   Calamine.   NEW, 

Ossa  681  C.  Bones.  K  6749,  ML  6114. 

Ossuorum  68  i  B.  Bones.    Cited  in  other  sources. 

Palea  716  B.  Straw.  K  6793,  ML  6161. 


158  A  Classical  Technology 

Pandius  passim.  Celandine.  NEW.  (Did  the 
word  really  mean  of  yellow  color  ?  See  707  E.) 

Papati  696  D,  sees  to  represent  purati.  Refined. 
K  7565. 

Pargamina  683  A.  Parchment.  Star  K  7052,  but 
not  ML  6411. 

Paridio  715  C,  i.  e.  paricla.  Like,  equl.  K  6867, 
ML  6241. 

Pecorinum  679  B,  pecurinum  678  D.  cattle. 
Starred.  K  6958  A,  but  not  by  ML  6327. 

Persusa  701  B,  for  pertusa.  Pierce.  Star  K  7082, 
while  ML  6436  posits  pertusiare  (given  by  K  as 
an  alternative),  but  without  a  citation.  NEW. 

Perut  683  D.  Exactly  as.  NEW. 

Pestillum  711  D.  Pestle.  K  7194,  ML  6537. 

Petalum  -la,  passim  pecula.  Petal,  leaf.  K  7090, 
ML  omits  it. 

Petres  705  E,  petreg  684  C,  i.  e.  (Wi-paus.)  Stone. 
K  7099,  ML  6445. 

Petrosus  715  E.  Stony. 

Pila  707  A.  Mortar.  K  7145,  ML  6496. 

Piniatu  698  A.  Cylindrical  pot,  pipkin.  Cf.  K 
7156,  ML  6511. 

Pinna  691  B.  Feather.  K  7170,  ML  6514. 

Plant  <  at  >ionu.m  687  A.  Plantings. 

Plecaturas  690  E.  Folds.  Low  Latin. 

Plumbinus  675  B.  Leaden.  NEW. 

Pluppi  692  A,  puppli  689  A.  Poplar.  Pluppi  is 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  159 

starred  by  K  7309,  but  not  by  ML  6655 :  form  re- 
quired by  some  N.  Ital.  Dialects. 

Plusquam  676  E.  More. 

Porcinus  714  B.  Hog's.  Cf.  ML  6663,  not  in  K. 

Porfirizontam  712  D,  i.  e.  irop(j>vpi£ovTa.  Of  por- 
phyry. NEW. 

Pos  710  E,  714  B.  After.  K  7336,  ML  6684. 

Postquod  716  C.  Afterward. 

Primotica  690  A.  Maturing  early.  Rare. 

Propter  677  D.  With. 

Psimitthim  passim,  [ijpsimittim  695  C,  [ijpsim 
<ittim>-  695  A.  Cerussa  white  lead. 

Puluis  passim,  puluer  715  B,  pulberas  675  C. 
Powder.  K  7545,  ML  6842. 

Quadriga  688  E.  "Carriages,"  "horse."  K  7610, 
ML  6918. 

Quadroagutum  706  E.  Having  four  points.  See 
K  152  and  ML  135,  K  7601-7619  and  ML  6921. 
May  be  a  translation  of  a  nonquotable  rcrpaKavOos. 

Quedonia  695  E.  Quince  (?).  K  2727,  ML 
2436. 

Quejussans  675  E,  i.  e.  cerussans.  Applying 
whitelead.  NEW.  Cf.  K  2107,  ML  1842. 

Quern  708  D.  Who,  which.  Ptg.  quern,  Sp.  quien. 

Quianus  700  C.   See  Cianus. 

Quianus  695  C,  perhaps  quia  [quia]  695  D, 
quignus  711  B.  Just  as.  See  K  7670  under  quinam 
(connection  of  the  mentioned  Romance  forms  is  not- 


160  A  Classical  Technology 

ed  as  doubtful)  ML  6953.4.  In  any  event  quignus 
(star  ML  l.c)  is  the  source  of  Dante's  chignamente, 
Old  Umbrian  chigno. 

Quoadusque,  quodadusque  708  A.   Until. 

Radices  710  A.  Strip  off  make  thin.  Star  K 
7711,  ML  6993.  N.  Italian. 

Radus  -692  A.  Thin.  Correct  K  7783.  NEW. 
Ital. 

Reber[a]titur,  711  A.  Return.  K  8052,  not  in 
ML. 

<Re>cordare,  702  D.  Remember  K  7846,  ML 
7129. 

Rectionum  687  A.  Read  <con>fectionum. 
Compositions. 

Refridare  passim,  often  re[c]-.  Cool  off.  (K 
3985-3988,  ML  3512). 

Relinisteo  696  C,  from  vtXwov.  Parsley.  Du- 
cange  Med.  et  Inf.  Grace.  Lex.  has  o-eAtvopirov. 

Remininum  701  E,  i.  e.  femininum.  Soft.  ML 
3239.  a,  not  in  K. 

Residere  703  A.  Settle. 

Robas<fero>ticis  696  D,  i.  e.  rubus  feroticus. 
Wild  bramble.  For  rubus  see  K  8181,  ML  7414 
for  feroticus  Cf.  Sodica  and  remarks. 

Rubeus  716  B.  Red.  K  8175,  ML  7408. 

Russeum  716  A.  Red.  K  8224,  ML  7465. 

Salbe.  dica  700  E.  700  E,  i.  e.  sal  Betica.  Span- 
ish salt:  see  Plin. 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  161 

N.  H.  xxxi  86  and  -remember  that  sal  is  feminine 
in  Spanish. 

Salmaginas  687  A  appears  to  he  for  sal  marinus, 
sea  salt.  For  sal  see  K  8277,  ML  7521. 

Sal  sepinus  687  B  i.  e.  sappinus.  Firtree.  K  8351, 
7592. 

Sanguineus  682  B.  Bloody,  blood-eyed.  K. 
8325,  ML  7572. 

Scaldato  687  E,  688  A,  691  B.  Heated.  K  3331, 
ML  2946. 

Scalphita  706  B,  i.  e.  scalpta.  Carved.  K  8409, 
ML  7643. 

Scaraxas  675  D.    Scrape. 

Scapilatura  683  A.  Clipping.  NEW.  Ducange 
has  Scapellare  i.  q.  caedere. 

Scap[p]il<l>ata  692  A.  Carved,  clipped.  See 
preceding  entry. 

Scara  696  D.  Wild.  Rosmary  K,  8439,  NEW. 
ML  7674. 

Sceugnasias  714  E.  i.  e.  oxioypa^tas.  Sketch, 
painting.  In  Latin  NEW. 

Scyra  695  E,  i.  e.  oWpov  or  awvpov.  St.  Johns' 
wort,  tutsan.  (Ascyron). 

Semetipsum  700  E.  Self.  erf.  K,  5146.    5,  ML 

5551- 

Sequenti  710  B.  According  to.  Star  K  8627, 
Cf.  ML  7839. 

Setantiantur  688  D.  Sift.  CF.  K  8258,  ML  7499. 


1 62  A  Classical  Technology 

Setertia  21 1  III,  i.  e.  sextaria  ibid.  A  certain 
measure.  K  8677,  ML  7887. 

Simatim  682  C,  simati  713  A,  simotim  706  A, 
simutim  698  C.  This  is  the  simultim  of  Ducange. 
Similarly. 

Siricum  686  D.  White  lead. 

Smira  675  C  (twice,  mira  Cod.)  715  D  emery. 
ML  8044.  i,cf.  K8823. 

[I]smir[on]i[e]nam  675  B.  Made  of  emery. 
NEW. 

Smiruttas  675  C.  Smurattas  675  C.  Of  emery. 
NEW. 

Sodica  696  C,  read  ferotica.  Wild.  NEW.  The 
sis  is  due  to  a  misunderstanding  of  /  with  the  sinuous 
line  meaning  f,  e,  ir,  erf  or  and  the  d  is  due  to  the 
cursive  Visigothic  t  which  does  often  resemble  a  d 
only  too  closely.  See  K  3695,  not  in  ML.  The 
analogy  is  not  with  silvaticus,  but  with  words  like 
exoticus,  better  with  primotlcus  and  tauroticus  which 
occur  in  this  text. 

Soliclas  706  C,  i.  e.  solidas.  Solidify,  solder.  K 
8850,  ML  8068. 

Solidatura  706  C.  SoWering.  Ducange  Med.  etc. 
anno  1367. 

Sordes  698  B.  Dross.  K  8884,  not  in  ML. 

Sorditie  709  A.  Dross.  CfL  K  8886,  ML  8097. 

Sparsio  715  AC.  Varnish. 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  163 

Spisse  675  D.  Repeatedly,  often.  K  8959,  ML 
8160. 

Stagneum  690  C.  Made  of  tin.  ML  8228  stars 
stannius,  not  in  K. 

Stagnum  682  B.  Raw  lead  ?  (K  9012.2,  not  in 
ML). 

Sticis  682  B.  See  robasticis  and  sodica. 

Stipterea  699  C,  i.  e.  crTwmjpta.  Alum.  As  Latin, 
NEW. 

Stringit  706  D  (sgringit,  Cod.).  Contract.  K 
9112,  ML  8315. 

Subalbidus  675  C  &  D.  Whitish. 

Subaurosum  683  D.  Of  somewhat  golden  color. 
NEW. 

Subcellum  692  B.  Error  for  forcellum :  see  under 
sodica.  Fork.  Star  in  K  4069,  but  listed  without  star 
by  ML  3594. 

Subnigra  677  C.  Blackish. 

Subporphira  715  E.  Purplish.  NEW. 

Subrubicundus  684  AB.  Reddish. 

Subtiliare  702  BC.  Thin  out.  Star  K  9201,  no 
star  ML  8398. 

Sulforitantantum  685  D.  i.  e.  sulforita  autem. 
Sulphurous.  NEW. 

Sus  701  D,  susu  703  B.  Upwards.  K  9385,  ML 
8478.2. 

Suuentium  690  D.  Often.  (K  9168,  ML  8363) : 
N.  Italian. 


164  A  Classical  Technology 

T  omitted:  677  B,  684  C,  694  C,  699  B,  710  C, 
710  E,  711  C,  715  D,  715  E,  716  A,  716  B,  716 
E  (twice),  717  A. 

T  final  changed  to  D:  e.  g.  707  B,  709  D. 

T  added:  677  A,  678  C  (twice),  688  E,  694  C, 
703  A,  703  C,  703  D  (twice),  705  A,  706  E 
(thrice),  707  A  (four  times),  711  C,  712  B,  713  B 
(thrice),  713  E. 

Tamusat  686  D,  i.  e.  tamarix.  Tamarisk.  Cf.  K 

9359- 

Tammum  709  E  seems  to  be  for  tantum.  Only. 
K  9370. 

Taurinus  688  E.  Bull's. 

Taurocollon  705  D,  706  E.  Oxglue:  cf.  Icthy- 
ocollon  and  tauricolla  Gl.  E.  sub  Glaucia. 

Taurotica  689  D.  Of  ox.  NEW. 

Tecula  and  tegula  688  C.  Small  receptacle. 
NEW. 

Telope  685  B,  error  for  petalo.  Leaf. 

Tenacla  687  E.  Tongs.  K  9436. 

Tenio  698  C.  Error  for  ueneto.  Blue.  K  10042. 

Tepidis.  gat  708  C,  i.  e.  tepidiscat.  Grows  warm. 
NEW. 

Terebentinus  689  A.  Turpentine.  K  9461. 

Terita  696  C,  teritarum  703  C.  Rubbed :  irregular 
participle  from  terere.  Rubbed,  ground. 

Theaspis  682  D,  i.  e.  Thespias.  From  Thespia. 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  165 

Titimallus   706   E.  The  plant  spurge.   K  9560 


Trachias  717  B.  A  stone:  cf.  C.  Gl.  II  75,  46. 

Tricas  696  C,  i.  e.  rpi\afs.  Filaments.  In  Latin, 
NEW. 

Tricorelinon  696  C,  i.  e.  nonquotable  rpi\oai\wov. 
Hairy  filaments.  NEW. 

Tripsis  711  C,  i.  e.  rptyn?.  Friction.  In  Latin, 
NEW. 

Tritare  699  E,  700  BC,  711  A.  Crush,  bruise, 
pound.  Star  K  9757.  NEW. 

Tritura  697  C.  Crushing,  bruising. 

Turbula  699  C.  Turbid,  troubled.  Star  K  9825. 
NEW. 

Turbulare  699  C.  Grow  turbid.  Star  K  9823. 
NEW. 

Unde  712  D.  Where  (not  whence).  K  9891. 

Unguatum  699  D  stands  for  aquatum.  Batter. 
This  noun  is  listed  neither  by  K  nor  ML  (the 
aquatus  of  ML  580  is  the  adj.  or  participle). 

Unicinum  710  E,  i.  e.  onychinum.  Of  onyx.  Cf. 

K6697 

Urina  &  hurina  passim,  orina  678  B.  Urine.  K 
stars  urina  9915,  which  is  implied  by  orina. 

Uuatum  698  D.  699  AB,  713  AB.  Batter.  N. 
Italian  and  Lombard  for  aquatus. 

See  ML  570,  citing  uva  for  aqua. 

Vermiculum  699  E.  Vermillion.  See  Bermiculum. 


1  66  A  Classical  Technology 

Vero  disculum  701  A  is  for  ueridisculum.  Green- 
ish. New.  Cf.  K  10217. 

Veronica  691  E,  i.  e.  uettonica.  Betony.  K  10125. 

Vetrissimo  710  A.  Very  old.  NEW. 

Vi[p]rode  677  D,  i.  e.  uiride.  Green.  K  10217. 

Vitreus  696  B,  698  C,  700  C.  Glassy. 

Vitriarius  passim.  Glass-maker. 

Vitriolum  passim.  Vitriol.  Incorrectly  starred  K 
10258. 

Vitrum  passim,  bitrum  682  A,  uetrum  677  B: 
uitrium  677  D,  695  B.  Glass.  K  10259. 

Vituminatione  709  B.  Application  of  bitumen. 
NEW. 

Ydr[o]argiris  714  E.  ydr[os]argyros  714  E. 
Mercury. 

[Y]spureorum  714  E.    Sponge.    K  8970,   ML 


Zebe<l>  698  D,  read  gebal.  Arabic  for  stone. 
Zelet  686  C,  i.  e.  gelet.  Freeze.  K  4202,  ML 

3714. 

Zigea  exzigeo,  i.  e.  gigea  exgigeo.  See  Gigea. 

Zubri  689  D,  tiumbri  ibid.  Very  uncertain,  see 
Comm. 

By  the  way  of  supplement  to  the  Glossary  and 
the  remarks  in  Preface  we  may  add  some  facts  which 
will  help  to  characterize  this  text  and  the  methods 
of  the  translator  or  his  later  copyists: 

The  translator  attempted  in  the  earlier  part  of  his 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  167 

work  to  find  a  correct  equivalent  for  the  Greek 
original,  though  occasionally  (e.  g.  for  terra  stel- 
laris)  finding  himself  at  a  loss,  he  simply  transfers 
the  terms  of  the  Greek  formula.  Once  after  men- 
tioning alumen,  he  uses  stypteria.  As  the  work  pro- 
gressed he  used  more  and  more  Greek  words  espes- 
cially  in  those  participles  from  names  of  plants  or 
colors :  the  climax  occurs  near  the  end  when  in  des- 
pair he  gives  us  a  whole  recipe  in  the  tongue  of  the 
original;  here  we  may  suspect  that  the  Greek  was 
already  overladen  with  glosses  and  errors  which 
made  the  whole  unintelligible. 

His  language  is  characterized  by  the  frequent  uses 
of-izare  verbs  e.  g.  lamnizare,  metallizare  etc.  He 
has  numerous  compounds  beginning  withex — which 
may  be  intensive  or  subtractive;  he  often  has  sub- 
formations,  the  meaning  being,  of  course  one  of  re- 
duction. Another  remarkable  fact  is  the  occurrence 
of  albidiante,  coloridietur ;  of  several  -sco  verbs 
e.  g.  extemperascere,  not  otherwise  quotable.  Again 
we  may  note  his  fondness  for  the  adjectives  in 
-inus:  amygdalinus  bobinus  or  bouinus,  caninus, 
caprinus,  cidrinus  or  citrinus,  cipollinus,  cypressinus, 
columbinus,  duracinus  exalbinus,  femininus,  marinus, 
melinus,  netrinus  oliginus,  onycinus,  pecorinus, 
plumbinus,  porcinus,  sappinus,  smyrinus,  terebentin- 
us;  plus  that  adjective  implied  by  the  reading  eer- 
inus,  acerinus  or  cerrinus. 


1 68  A  Classical  Technology 

He  is  quite  independent  in  the  matter  of  word 
formation  as  may  be  seen  by  cooperitum  and  terita 
instead  of  the  accepted  forms  coopertus,  tritus. 

In  the  domain  of  Syntax  the  following  items  are 
notable:  unum  714  D  seems  to  be  an  article. 

Ne  does  not  occur  in  the  text  at  all,  the  negative  of 
the  Imperative  is  non  e.  g.  713  D,  non  dimittas. 

Addito  703  C  is  the  only  occurrence  of  the  Fut. 
Imperative. 

The  substitution  of  the  Infinitive  for  the  Impera- 
tive is  seen  713  B  commiscere,  requiescere,  sufflare 
700  E,  perhaps  too  operari  680  B,  This  last  form 
furnishes  a  transition  to  some  other  Imperatives  if 
frequent  occurrence  in  this  text;  are  triti  715  A 
and  frangi  713  C  early  examples  of  the  Italian  -i 
Imperative  ? 

In  compound  tenses  of  the  Passive  fuerit  and 
fuerint  are  universal  instead  of  erit,  erunt. 

Passing  now  to  the  syntax  of  nouns  note  the  use 
of  the  Nominative  for  the  Accusative  688  B  and  C, 
690  A,  B,  and  D,  691  C;  all  Italian  symptoms. 
This  easily  chimes  in  with  tante  and  quante  as 
Accusatives  of  extent  688  B,  and  of  cuse  as  a  sort 
of  Nominative  Absolute  679  A.  Stranger  than  this 
is  ex  with  the  genitive  7 1 2  C.  More  important  from 
the  Romanic  standpoint  is  that  stagnu  710  D,  croco 
710  A,  pelle  679  C,  tau  rocollo  717  B  are  Gentives: 
we  thus  antedate  "pro  deo  amur"  by  200  years. 


From  Codex  Lucensis,  490  169 

Queer  syntax  is  furnished  by  refloriens  706  D  in  an 
Ablative  Absolute  construction;  subtiles  agrees  (or 
rather  fails  to  agree)  with  uitria  682  C.  Quod  has 
assumed  the  functions  of  a  general  relative,  see 
690  B. 

The  word  petalum  is  masc,  fern.,  or  neuter  accord- 
ing to  the  whim  of  the  compiler.  The  combina- 
tions post  ilium  siccum  680  A,  post  tota  fesa  690  B, 
post  ilia  battuta  687  D  and  above  all  post  tote  bul- 
lite  690  B  seem  to  be  other  Italian  symptoms.  The 
occurrence  of  alii  as  Genitive  700  B  need  not  detain 
the  reader,  but  purpurei  colorem  700  C  where  we 
need  a  Genitive  is  more  interesting.  This  combin- 
ation may  be  only  another  case  where  a  word  abbre- 
viated in  the  (or  an)  Archetype  has  been  incorrectly 
resolved. 

Now  as  to  this  last  point,  note  how  often  our  text 
has  liber  where  we  must  read  libre  or  libras  (no  one 
can  say  for  certain  whether  to  use  the  Nominative 
or  the  Accusative) ;  it  is  the  form  that  recurs  in  the 
Cod.  Luc.  in  several  passages.  Since  cum-  occurs 
for  com-  705  E,  708  A  and  B,  710  B  and  D,  712 
B,  715  B,  717  B  we  see  that  the  scribe  or  some  scribe 
had  before  him  one  of  the  early  ways  of  abbreviating 
com,  con  and  cum.  We  call  the  attention  of  our 
Romanic  friends  to  708  E,  non  desinas  terendo ;  we 
would  be  glad  to  conserve  the  reading  uolis  688  E, 
but  since  a  superior  bar  for  em,  en,  er  in  one's 


170  A  Classical  Technology 

Archetype  is  so  often  omitted  or  not  copied  and 
since  everywhere  else  we  find  uolueris,  probably  this 
must  be  read  here  too. 

At  702  A-E  dominari  and  preualere  take  a  Dative. 
Low  Latin  symptoms  are:  habes  tinguere  703  A; 
bolliam  for-nt  689  B  and  conversely  cinnibarint  695 
A,  glutent  706  B. 

Finally  as  bearing  on  the  condition  of  the  Arch- 
etype: coquoquitur  716  B  shows  a  correction  there; 
erulla  707  D,  afronieri  711  E  and  ainguis  679  E 
make  us  remember  how  much  a  cursive  Visigothic 
in  ligature  does  resemble  a  or  e. 


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